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1、一、Renaissanceofthe12thCentury二、ScientificRevolution三、AgeofEnlightenment四、ModernScienceHistoryofmodernscienceinthewestTheRenaissanceofthe12thcenturywasaperiodofthemanychangesattheoutsetoftheHighMiddleAges.Itincludedsocial,politicalandeconomictransformations,andanintellect
2、ualrevitalizationofWesternEuropewithstrongphilosophicalandscientificroots.ThesechangespavedthewaytolaterachievementssuchastheliteraryandartisticmovementoftheItalianRenaissanceinthe15thcenturyandthescientificdevelopmentsofthe17thcenturyRenaissanceofthe12thcenturyScientifi
3、crevolutionThescientificrevolutionwastheemergenceofmodernscienceduringtheearlymodernperiod,whendevelopmentsinmathematics,physics,astronomy,biology(includinghumananatomy)andchemistrytransformedviewsofsocietyandnature.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]Accordingtotraditionalaccounts,the
4、scientificrevolutionbeganinEuropetowardstheendoftheRenaissanceeraandcontinuedthroughthelate18thcentury,influencingtheintellectualsocialmovementknownastheEnlightenment.ScientificRevolution哥白尼天体运行论1543AC托勒密天文学大成140AC布鲁诺1600AC开普勒行星三定律1609AC1619AC伽利略两大世界体系的对话1632AC牛顿1687ACPR
5、OCESSAgeofEnlightenmentTheAgeofEnlightenmentwasaEuropeanaffair.The17thcentury"AgeofReason"openedtheavenuestothedecisivestepstowardsmodernscience,whichtookplaceduringthe18thcentury"AgeofEnlightenment".Directlybasedontheworks[97]ofNewton,Descartes,PascalandLeibniz,thewaywa
6、snowcleartothedevelopmentofmodernmathematics,physicsandtechnologybythegenerationofBenjaminFranklin(1706–1790),LeonhardEuler(1707–1783),MikhailLomonosov(1711–1765)andJeanleRondd'Alembert(1717–1783),epitomizedintheappearanceofDenisDiderot'sEncyclopédiebetween1751and1772.Be
7、njamineFranklinDuplessisModernscienceTheScientificRevolutionestablishedscienceasasourceforthegrowthofknowledge.Duringthe19thcentury,thepracticeofsciencebecameprofessionalizedandinstitutionalizedinwaysthatcontinuedthroughthe20thcentury.Astheroleofscientificknowledgegrewin
8、society,itbecameincorporatedwithmanyaspectsofthefunctioningofnation-states.Thehistoryofscienceismarkedb
