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1、AutomobileBrakeSystem汽车制动系统Thebrakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebrakesfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyenergyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrakes,thedr
2、ivercommandsastoppingforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.Theservicebrakea
3、ctstoslow,stop,orholdthevehicleduringnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeistoholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended.Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenaseparateparkingbrakefo
4、otpedalorhandleverisset.Thebrakesystemiscomposedofthefollowingbasiccomponents:the“mastercylinder”whichislocatedunderthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepedal,convertsdriverfoot’smechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel“brakelines”andflexible“brakehos
5、es”connectthemastercylindertothe“slavecylinders”locatedateachwheel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextremeconditions,fillsthesystem.“Shoes”and“pads”arepushedbytheslavecylinderstocontactthe“drums”and“rotors”thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsthecar.Thety
6、picalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskordrumbrakesintherearconnectedbyasystemoftubesandhosesthatlinkthebrakeateachwheeltothemastercylinder(Figure).Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbra
7、keshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordisksatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandthedrumsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.Inmostmodernbrakesystems(seeFigure15.1),thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontainstwosepa
8、ratesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnectedtoabrakepedalinthedriver’scompartment.Whenthebrakeispusheddown,brakefluidissentfromthemastercylindertothewheels.Atthewhee
