Argument-逻辑错误攻击方式.doc

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1、Argument逻辑错误攻击模版*{)tC*R!R&g攻击无效调查模版句（规模、数量、方式、时间等）0f(N%S&[1[5I)f8];]+H这类错误最常见也十分简单。应该做到对survey/study/report/poll等字眼很敏感，一看到这些单词就一定说明它有问题，在分析argument题目时要养成这样“良好”的习惯。请按照如下模版操作4p':U;]~攻击采访对象模版句9G'I%w&?+g#x3N'K!S)O5W2]Model11@)N3f}0g(Ea）7}8H9U6N9t0D(C-q+YTobeginwith,thevalidityofthesurveyisdoub

2、tful.-w]9I4S,A-n"g&~b）9t:m/a;I0O9LLackinginformationaboutthenumberofemployeessurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoaccessthevalidityoftheresuls._3a-A,r/y4u1E4Qc）"K0G-v)m6e.}Forexample,if200employeesweresurveyedbutonly2responded,theconclusionthat…wouldbehighlysuspect.&h7k'?.R0S+@

3、;m2od）(W;Y)U.G6P(oBecausetheargumentoffersnoevidencethatwouldruleouttheseinterpretations,theresultsofthesurveyareinsufficienttosupporttheconclusion./p)T;v3}%H.I1Z#S"_#?%}.j%WModel23v7a2w)]:

4、)

5、6}6aa)(g0~-K8Q8mThepollcitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative/reliable.:_'v.v$@6R0Y"Gb)#q(G5V.s-

6、j3ITheclaimdosenotindicatewhoconductedthepoll,whoresponded,orhowthepollwasconducted.9l)o.C&s8S6X7}5^0A$V7Nc)4h;Z&I/A!zUntilthesequestionsareanswered,theresultsareworthlessasevidencefor…$d/X5Y%j4y/A"pModel3!f,S6i5`:[*u5E#B8pa)-c'a%]8S+W4K-GWearenotinformedthathowmanypeopleweresurveyedbutdidn

7、otresponded.If,forinstance500subjectswerestudied,butnomorethan50echoed,theconclusionwouldbehighlysusceptable.![-p%k"N2J;db)2O!DQ$h)^$g"b:wTheauthorfailstopointoutthatwhenthesurveywasconducted.Ifthechangeisveryrecent,itispossiblethatinsufficientdatahavebeengleanedtodrawsuchaconclusion,anunco

8、nvincingone.1I'(N%q"b&O;R+Fc))~8s3[5y7E2U,e"oTheauthorfailstopointoutthathowthesurveywasconducted.Ifwhoconducteditbythemselves,andthequestionis…,itisobviousthatif…Orifthesequestionswereleading,peoplemightechowithexpectedanswers,thustheresultswouldbegreatlyunconvincing.4a1c$c"m'i+Y/@攻击样本不足模

9、版句0q6a*T4b0Z0n0zModel19{:r){;v9D'I$D2XTheevidencethattheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnformit.(Oneexampleisrarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion.)UnlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofA,theconclusion…iscompletelyunwarr