简明英语语言学教程.doc

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1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.Linguistics语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.GeneralLinguistics普通语言学ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.Language语言Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc

2、ommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.DesignFeatures识别特征Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。⑴Arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoun

3、ds.P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions⑵Productivity多产性Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.⑶Duality双重性Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstru

4、ctures,ortwolevels.⑷Displacement移位性Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.⑸Culturaltransmission文化传递Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.Thisshowed

5、thatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Notbyinstinct.Animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.5.Competence语言能力Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.Performance语言运用Performanceistheactualrealizationo

6、fthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.Diachroniclinguistics历时语言学Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8.Synchronicalli

7、nguistics共时语言学Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.Langue语言Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.Parole言语Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.11.Prescriptive规定性Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheys

8、houldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.12.Descriptive描述性Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知识点1.Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一