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时间:2020-06-04
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1、热力学第一定律22.某双原子理想气体1mol从始态350K,200Kpa经过如下四个不同的过程到达各自的平衡态。求各过程的功:(1)恒温可逆膨胀至50Kpa;(2)恒温反抗50Kpa恒外压膨胀50Kpa;(3)绝热可逆膨胀至50Kpa;(4)绝热反抗50Kpa恒外压膨胀到50Kpa。解:(1)W=-=RTlnV1/V2=RTlnP2/P1W=8.314*350ln(50/200)=-4.034KJ(2)W=-P2*(V2-V1)=-P2*(RT/P2-RT/P1)=P2/P1*RT-RT=-3/4RT=-3/4*8.314*350=-2.183
2、KJ(3)γ=Cpm/Cvm=7/2R/5/2R=1.4绝热过程方程:(T2/T1)*(P2/P1)(1-γ)/γ=1T2/350=(200/50)-0.4/1.4T2=350*(1/4)0.4/1.4=235.5KW=△U=Cvm*(T2-T1)=5/2*R*(235.5-350)=-2.38KJ(4)δQ=0,ΔU=WCvm*(T2-T1)=-P2*(V2-V1)5/2*R*(T2-T1)=-P2*(RT1/P2-RT2/P1)7/2*T2=11/4*T1T2=275K∴W=ΔU=Cvm(T2-T1)=5/2*R*(275-350)=-1.
3、559KJ23.5mol双原子理想气体从始态300K,200Kpa,先恒温可逆膨胀到压力为50Kpa,再可逆压缩(绝热)到200Kpa,求末态的温度,及整个过程的Q、W、ΔU及ΔH。T1=300K恒温可逆T2=300K绝热可逆T3=?P1=200Kpa双原子理想气体P2=50KPaP3=200KPa5mol解:T3=T2*(P2/P1)(1-γ)*γ=445.8Kγ=1.4ΔU=nC(T-T)=5*8.314*(445.8-300)*5/2=15.15KJ△H=nCpm(T3-T1)=21.21KJQ=Q1=-W1=∫PdV=nRTlnV2/V
4、2=nRTlnP1/P2Q=17.29KJW=△U-Q=15.15-17.29=-2.14KJ32.已知水(H2O)在100oC时的摩尔蒸发焓为ΔvapHm=40.668KJ/mol。水和水蒸气在25-100oC之间的平均恒压摩尔热容分别为Cpm(H2Ol)=75.75J/K·mol,Cpm(H2Og)=33.76J/mol·K。求在25oC时的摩尔蒸发焓。解:法一:H2O(l)H2O(g)△vapHmp(T1)T1=100℃T1=100℃∴△vapHmp(T2)=△vapHm=△vapHmp(T2=25℃)=40.668*103+(25-10
5、0)*(33.76-75.75)=43.82KJ/mol.K法二:设H2O(l)按如下过程生成H2O(g)H2O(l)H2O(g)100℃100℃H2O(l)H2O(g)25℃25℃∴△vapHm(T2)=△vapHm(T1)-Cpm(水)*(25-100)-Cpm(汽)*(100-25)=43.067KJ/mol37.已知25oC时甲酸甲酯的ΔcHmӨ=-979.5KJ·mol-1,甲酸、甲酯、水及CO2的标准摩尔生成焓ΔfHmӨ分别为-424.72KJ/mol,-238.66KJ/mol,-285.83KJ/mol及-393.509KJ/m
6、ol。计算25oC时HCOOH+CH3OH=HCOOCH3+H2O的标准摩尔反应焓。解:求△fHmθ(甲酸甲酯)HCOOCH3+2O2→2H2O(l)+2CO2∴△fHmθ(甲酸甲酯)=2△fHmθ(H2O)+2△fHmθ(C2O)-△fHmθ(酯)△fHmθ(酯)=-979.5-2*(-393.509)-2*(-285.83)=-379.178KJ/molHCOOH+CH3OH=HCOOCH3+H2O△rHθm=△fHmθ(酯)+△fHmθ(H2O)-△fHmθ(酸-)△fHmθ(醇)=-379.178-285.83+424.72+238.6
7、6=-1.628KJ/mol40.甲烷与过量50%的空气混合,为使恒压燃烧的最高温度达到2000oC,求燃烧前混合气体的温度。(空气yo2=0.21,yw2=0.79)。解:CH4+3O2+N2(3*0.79/0.21=11.286)△H1=(Cpm(CH4)+3*Cpm(O2)+11.286*CpmN2)*(298-T1)=553.14*(298-T1)*10-3KJCH4+3O2+11.826N2298K△rHmθ=△fHmθ(CO2)+2△fHmθ(H2O)-△fHmθ(CH4)=-802.335KJCO2+2H2O(g)+O2+11.2
8、86N2298K△H3=(2273-298)(Cpm(CO2)+2Cpm(H2O)+Cpm(O2)+11.826*Cpm(N2))CO2+2H2O+O
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