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1、第一章绪论一、计算机的定义Acomputerisadevicethatacceptsinputprocessesdata,storesdataandproducesoutputallaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions.Computerinputiswhateveristyped,submittedortransmittedtoacomputersystem.Inthecontextcomputingdatareferstosymbolsthatrepresentfacts,object
2、sandideas.computersmanipulatedatainmanywaysandthismanipulationiscalledprocessing.Memoryisaareaofcomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,storedoroutput.二、计算机五大部件运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备。三、8086寄存器8086中程序可访问的寄存器共有14个，按功能可分为通用寄存器组，段寄存器组和专用寄存器组。通用寄存器组：AX,BX,CX,
3、DX,SP,BP,SI,DI段寄存器：CS,DS,SS,ES专用寄存器组：其包括指令指针IP和标志寄存器FR。FR有：OF,DF,IF,SF,ZF,AF,PF,CF(注：详见P12-13,P15)四、微处理器如何获取指令？Wheredoesthemicroprocessorgetit’sinstructions?Thesimpleansweristhatamicroprocessorexecutes(执行)instructionsprovidedbyacomputerprogram.However,amicroprocesso
4、rcan’tfollowjustanyinstructions.Aprogramthatcontainsaninstructionto“selfdestruct(自毁)”won’thavemucheffectbecauseamicroprocessorcanperformonlyalimitedlistofinstructions“selfdestruct”isn’toneofthem.Thelistofinstructionsthatamicroprocessorcanperformiscalledit’sinstructi
5、onset.Theseinstructionsarehard-wired（硬线连接）intotheprocessor’scircuitry(电路、电路系统)andincludebasicarithmetic(算法)andlogicoperations.Fetchingdataandclearingregisters.Acomputercanperformverycomplextasks,butitdoessobyperformingacombinationofsimpletasksfromit’sinstructionset.
6、Howdoesamicroprocessorwork?Insidethechip/carrier,amicroprocessorisaverycomplexintegratedcircuit,containingasmanyas300millionminiaturizedelectroniccomponents.Theminiaturizedcircuitryinamicroprocessorisgroupedintoimportantfunctionalareas,suchastheALUandthecontrolunit.
7、TheALU(arithmeticlogicunit)performsarithmeticoperations,suchasadditionandsubtraction.Italsoperformslogicoperations,suchascomparingtwonumberstoseeiftheyarethesame.TheALUusesregisterstoholddatathatisbeingprocessed,justasyouuseamixingbowltoholdtheingredientsforabatchof
8、brownies.Themicroprocessor’scontrolunitfetcheseachinstruction,justasyougeteachingredientoutofacupboardortherefrigerator.偶地址开始存放数据（即：首地址一般为
