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1、第一章绪论一、计算机的定义Acomputerisadevicethatacceptsinputprocessesdata,storesdataandproducesoutputallaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions.①Computerinputiswhateveristyped,submittedortransmittedtoacomputersystem.②Inthecontextcomputingdatareferstosymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objectsandideas.computersmanipul
2、atedatainmanywaysandthismanipulationiscalledprocessing.③Memoryisaareaofcomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,storedoroutput・二、计算机五大部件运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备。二、8086寄存器8086中程序可访问的寄存器共有14个，按功能可分为通用寄存器组，段寄存器组和专用寄存器组。①通用寄存器组：AX,BX,CX,DX,SP,BP,SI,DI②段寄存器：CS,DSZSS,ES③专用寄存器组：其包括指令指针IP和标志寄
3、存器FR。FR有：OF,DF,IF,SF,ZF,AF,PF,CF（注：①②③详见P12-13,P15）四、微处理器如何获取指令？Wheredoesthemicroprocessorgetit'sinstructions?Thesimpleansweristhatamicroprocessorexecutes（执彳亍）instructionsprovidedbyacomputerprogram・However,amicroprocessorcarftfollowjustanyinstructions・Aprogramthatcontainsaninstructionto"selfde
4、struct（自毁）〃won'thavemucheffectbecauseamicroprocessorcanperformonlyalimitedlistofinstruct!ons"selfdestruct,zisn〃toneofthem.Thelistofinstructionsthatamicroprocessorcanperformiscalledit'sinstructionset.Theseinstructionsarehard-wired（硬线连接）intotheprocessor'scircuitry（电路、电路系统）andineludebasicarithmet
5、ic（算》去）andlogicoperations.Fetchingdataandclearingregisters・Acomputercanperformverycomplextasks,butitdoessobyperformingacombinationofsimpletasksfromit'sinstructionset.Howdoesamicroprocessorwork?Insidethechip/carrier,amicroprocessorisaverycomplexintegratedcircuit,containingasmanyas300millionmini
6、aturizedelectroniccomponents.Theminiaturizedcircuitryinamicroprocessorisgroupedintoimportantfunctionalareas,suchastheALUandthecontrolunit.TheALU（arithmeticlogicunit）performsarithmeticoperations,suchasadditionandsubtraction.Italsoperformslogicoperations,suchascomparingtwonumberstoseeiftheyareth
7、esame•TheALUusesregisterstoholddatathatisbeingprocessed,justasyouuseamixingbowltoholdtheingredientsforabatchofbrownies・Themicroprocessor'scontrolunitfetcheseachinstruction,justasyougeteachingredientoutofacupboardortherefrigerator・偶地址开始存
