“英语词汇学”课件7-10章.ppt

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1、Meaningchangesindifferentways.Extensionthemeaningchangesfromspecifictogeneralizedoneorcoverabroaderconceptthing-审判大会、政治会议anythingChapter7ChangesinWordMeaning2)Specialization/narrowing(缩小）Originally,theymean:garage-安全的地方poison-饮料hospital-休息娱乐场所3)Elevation（升格）贬义/中性义--褒义（或高级别）Marshall--

2、马夫-元帅Executive一般执行者-行政官员4)Degradation（降格）中性/褒义贬义Cunning有学问的--狡猾的Sly-熟练的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaningAwordusedtodesignateonething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelsePaperpapyrus(纸莎草)-纸mainly:(1)AssociatedTransfertooth,lip,nosecanusedtorefertothings:thelipofawound,thenos

3、eofaplane(2)TransferbetweenabstractandConcreteMeaningsRoom-space-房间(concrete)Grasp抓-understand(abstract)(3)TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectivethingsDreadfulsomethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdreadPitiful(4)synesthesia联觉(感官词之间)sweetmusic,warmcolors,clearsounding6.Euphemism委婉

4、语ToiletRestroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom,lady’s,gentleman’s,…DieCausesofchange:extra-linguisticfactorssuchashistoricalreason(pen),classreason(revolution,communism.humanrights)andpsychologicalreason(garbagecollectorsanitationengineer)2)Linguisticfactors(1)In

5、ternalfactorscausethechangegoldmedal-gold;lightbulbbulb(2)InfluenceofalienwordsDeerreferstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed.(3)analogyFruition-享用,享受-结果(fruit),实现Chapter8MeaningandContextThemeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused

6、,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse.-contextMeaninglivesincontexttypesTypesofContext:Linguisticcontext,extra(non)-linguisticcontextLinguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:lexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Apieceofpaper,atermpaper,today’spaper,examinationpaper,etc.Whatcontextdoyouthinktheaboveb

7、elongto?doone’steeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)Thecoatdoesn’tbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb)Sometimestheme