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1、Chapter4FromwordtoText(Syntax)Syntax(grammar)•Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaydifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.4.1Syntacticrelations•Syntacticrelationscanbeana
2、lyzedintothreekinds:–4.1.1positionalrelation–4.1.2relationsofsubstitutability–4.1.3relationsofco-occurrence4.1.1PositionalRelation•Forlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.•Theboykicked
3、theballNP1NP2SubjectObject•Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.•Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall.Forexample,Th
4、eboykickedtheball–*Boytheballkickedthe–*Theballkickedtheboy•Theteachersawthestudents•Thestudentssawtheteacher•PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelationsobservedbyF.deSaussure.–TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.•Wordor
5、derisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld.•Thereare6possibletypesoflanguage:–SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.–EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.4.1.2RelationofSubstitutabil
6、ity•TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.–The ______smiles. manboygirl•Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutable11grammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticula
7、rset.strongman–Thetallestboysmiles.prettygirlyesterday.–Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.•ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigmaticRelationsbyHjemslev.•Tomakeitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.4.1.3RelationofCo-occ
8、urrence•Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasen
