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1、Chapter4FromwordtoText(Syntax)Syntax(grammar)•Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaydifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.4.1Syntacticrelations•Syntacticrelatio
2、nscanbeanalyzedintothreekinds:–4.1.1positionalrelation–4.1.2relationsofsubstitutability–4.1.3relationsofco-occurrence4.1.1PositionalRelation•Forlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurina
3、clause.•TheboykickedtheballNP1NP2SubjectObject•Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.•Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalor
4、nonsensicalatall.Forexample,Theboykickedtheball–*Boytheballkickedthe–*Theballkickedtheboy•Theteachersawthestudents•Thestudentssawtheteacher•PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelationsobservedbyF.deSaussure.–TheyarealsocalledHorizonta
5、lRelationsorsimplyChainRelations.•Wordorderisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld.•Thereare6possibletypesoflanguage:–SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.–EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOisthe
6、onlypossiblewordorder.4.1.2RelationofSubstitutability•TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.–The ______smiles. manboygirl•Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybej
7、ointlysubstitutable11grammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.strongman–Thetallestboysmiles.prettygirlyesterday.–Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.•ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigmaticRelationsbyHjemslev.•Tomakeitmoreunderstandable
8、,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.4.1.3RelationofCo-occurrence•Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasen
