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1、6TransportationEngineering（交通工程学）6.1IntroductionTransportationhasbeenoneoftheessentialcomponentsofthecivilengineeringprofessionsinceitsearlydays.Thebuildingofroads,bridges,tunnels,canals,railroads,ports,andharborsfromtimeimmemorialhasshapedtheprofessi
2、onanddefinedmuchofitspublicimage.Asthecitiesgrew,civilengineersbecameinvolvedindeveloping,building,andoperatingtransitfacilities,includingstreetrailwaysandelevatedandundergroundsystems.Theroleofcivilengineersasthevanguardofgrowthanddevelopmentthrought
3、heprovisionoftransportationinfrastructuretoaccommodateagrowingpopulationandeconomywasnevermoreprominentthanintheU.S.aroundthelate19thcenturyandtheearlypartofthe20thcentury.Transcontinentalrailroads,nationalhighways,canals,andmajorurbantransitsystemsar
4、etestimonialstotheachievementofcivilengineers.Rapidurbanizationandmotorizationchallengedthecivilengineersnotonlytoserveasdevelopersandbuildersoftransportationfacilities,butalsotoplanandoperatesuchfacilities.Thischallengegaverisetotheartandscienceoftra
5、nsportationplanning,trafficengineering,andfacilitymanagement.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,transportationengineeringhasevolvedintoamaturesubdisciplinewithincivilengineeringwithclearfunctionsofplanning,design,construction,operation,andmaintenanceofmul
6、timodalsystemsforthetransportationofpeopleandgoods.Thissubdisciplinehasgreatlyexpandedthecivilengineeringfieldtoareassuchaseconomicsandfinancing,operationsresearch,andmanagement.Withtherapiddevelopmentofintelligenttransportationsystemsinrecentyears,th
7、etransportationengineeringprofessionhasalsostartedtomakeincreasinguseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies.Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesfacilitiestosupportair,highway,railroad,pipeline,andwatertransportati
8、on.Areviewofdescriptionsofthescopeofvarioustransportation-relatedtechnicalcommitteesintheAmericaSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)indicatesthatwhilefacilityplanninganddesigncontinuetobethecoreofthetransportationengineeringfield,suchareasasfacilityo
