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1、BiodiversityvalueDirectvalueIndirectvalueBiodiversityvalueDirectvalueProvidefoodandenergy.Provide richresourcesof medicinalherbs.Provide industrialrawmaterials.BiodiversityvalueIndirectvalueMaintainthebalanceandstabilityofecologicalsystemSolarfixedHydrologyregulationCl
2、imateregulationabsorptionanddecompositionofpollutants,StorageofnutrientelementsandpromotenutrientcyclingmaintenanceoftheevolutionaryprocessThreat-ExcessivedeforestationThreat-IndustrialpollutionThreat-ExcessiveexploitationCaseStudyCostaRica'sleadingagriculturalproduces
3、havelongincludedbeefandbananas,whoseproductionandcultivationrequireextensiveenvironmentalmodification.AtthebeginingTheQuakersreliedonmilkandcheeseformuchoftheireconomicactivity,Theyalsosetasideone-thirdoftheirlandforconservation.TheQuakers'efforts,alongwithcontribution
4、sfrominternationalconservationorganizationsProvidedthebeginningsofwhatistodaytheMonteverdeCloudForestBiologicalReserve.Quakers:Quakers(orFriends,astheyrefertothemselves)aremembersofafamilyofreligiousmovementscollectivelyknownastheReligiousSocietyofFriends.TheQuakersmak
5、eitstartThisprivatelymanaged10,500-ha(26,000-acre)reservewasestablishedin1972toprotecttheforestanditspopulationsof2,500plantspecies,400birdspecies,500butterflyspecies,100mammalspecies,and120reptileandamphibianspecies,includingthegoldentoad.MonteverdeCloudForestBiologic
6、alReserveIn1970,theCostaRicangovernmentandinternationalrepresentativescametogethertocreatethecountry'sfirstnationalparksandprotectedareas.Thefirstparkscenteredonareasofspectacularscenery,suchasTortugueroNationalParkessentialnestingbeachesforthegreenturtleCahuitaNationa
7、lParkprotectaprominentcoralreefsystemPoasVolcanoNationalParkSantaRosaNationalParkencompassedvaluabletropicaldryforestInitiallythegovernmentgavetheparkslittlerealsupport.AccordingtoCostaRicanconservationistMarioBoza,intheirearlyyearstheparksweregrantedonlyfiveguards,one
8、vehicle,andnofundingTodaygovernmentsupportisgreater.Fully12%ofthenation'sareaiscontainedinnationalparks,andafurther16