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1、外文翻译原文TheevolutionandfutureoflogisticsandsupplychainmanagementMaterialSource:http://www.emeraldinsight.comAuthor：RonaldH.BallouBeforethe1950s,logisticswasthoughtofinmilitaryterms.Ithadtodowithprocurement,maintenance,andtransportationofmilitaryfacilities,materiel
2、,andpersonnel.Althoughafewauthorsbeforethistimebegantalkingabouttradingonecostforanother,suchastransportationcostswithinventorycosts,anddiscussedthebenefitstothefirmofgettingtherightgoodstotherightplaceattherighttime,theorganizationwithinthetypicalfirmaroundthea
3、ctivitiescurrentlyassociatedwithlogisticswasfragmented.Educationalcoursesandprogramsatthetimewerenotfocusedonlogisticsordistribution.Theyweremainlyrelatedtoindividualactivitiessuchastransportationandpurchasing.Therewaslittleattempttointegrateandbalancetheactivit
4、ieslatertobeknownaslogisticsactivitiesthatwereincostand/orserviceconflict.Hence,therewasnotmuchofanopportunityformanagerstolearnaboutthebroaderconceptsoflogistics.Physicaldistributionbeginstoemergeasanareaofstudyandpractice,whichisthecoordinationofmorethanoneact
5、ivityassociatedwithphysicallysupplyingproducttothemarketplace.LaLondeandDawson(1969)tracetheearlyhistoryandnotethatArchShawin1912begantoseethetwosidesofmarketing,whereonedealswithdemandcreation(promotion)andtheotherwithphysicalsupply,andFredClarkin1922identified
6、thenatureofphysicaldistributionandpointedouthowitwasdifferentfromthedemand-creatingnatureofmarketing.Marketingasadisciplinewasgeneratinginterestatthistimeandscholarsdidincludedistributionasaprimaryactivityinthemarketingmix,however,distributionseemedtobedefinedmo
7、reintermsoftransactionchannelactivitiesthanphysicaldistributionones.Converse(1954),anotedmarketingprofessor,saidin1954thatbusinesseshadbeenpayingagreatdealmoreattentiontobuyingandsellingthantophysicaldistribution.Inretrospect,researchthatwouldplayapivotalroleinl
8、ayingthefoundationsforphysicaldistributionwasastudybyLewisetal.(1956).Thisstudyfortheairlineindustryaskedhowitmightbettercompeteinhaulingfreightwhenitscostsweresignif
