毕业设计(论文)英文翻译

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1、金阪科扶學院毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：基坑设计学生姓名：卢开强学号：—1121409009专业：Mill土木工程（建筑工程）（专转本）所在学院：建筑工程学院指导教师：林献民左熹职称：M2012年12月20日High-RiseBuildingsIntroductionItisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20stor

2、iesormore.Tallsteelbuildingsbeganinearlydevelopment.Reinforcedconcreteandshell-tubesystemhasbeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedforalargenumberofresidentialandcommercialstructures.Becauseoftheinnovationanddevelopmentofnewstructuralsystem,nowfrom50to100-storeyhigh-risebuildingsacrosstheUnitedStates.A

3、lthoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But、moresignificantly、theoverturningmomentandt

4、hesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchas

5、windorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload、theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,othe

6、rthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditi

7、onbracingforrigidframesin"shorf'buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.Unfortunately,thisis