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1、毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：基坑设计学生姓名：卢开强学号：1121409009专业：M111土木工程（建筑工程）（专转本）所在学院：建筑工程学院指导教师：林献民左熹职称：讲师2012年12月20日High-RiseBuildingsIntroductionItisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4stories
2、upto10or20storiesormore.Tallsteelbuildingsbeganinearlydevelopment.Reinforcedconcreteandshell-tubesystemhasbeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedforalargenumberofresidentialandcommercialstructures.Becauseoftheinnovationanddevelopmentofnewstructuralsystem,nowfrom50to100-storeyhigh-ri
3、sebuildingsacrosstheUnitedStates.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,an
4、dshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchlo
5、ading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbu
6、ildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,
7、andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredfor
8、verticalloads.Unfortunately,thisisnotisf
