1Lecture One Orientation to Linguistics

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1、1OrientationtoLinguistics2Whatislinguistics?Thescientificstudyoflanguage1)linguisticfactsobserved;2)generalizationsmadeaboutthelinguisticfacts;3)hypothesesformulatedtoaccountforthelinguisticfacts;4)thehypothesestestedbyfurtherobservations;5)linguistic

2、theoriesoflanguageconstructed.3OutlineoftheCourseLinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsLanguageAcquisitionLanguagePragmaticsSociolinguistics4WhyStudyLinguistics?Someknowledgeoflinguisticscanbeofgreathelpindevelopingyourabilitytocommuni

3、cateinEnglish.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,tostudylinguisticsistoreflectonthelanguagewearelearningandtothinkaboutthecontextandprocessbywhichwearelearningit.Afterall,youdonotwanttobeanunthinkinglearnerwhosimplydriftsalongfollowingothers.Thebestlanguag

4、elearnersarethosewhotakeanactiveroleindirectingtheirownlearningandwhoexplorethelanguageontheirownterms.Linguisticscangiveyouthetoolstodothis.5LanguageWhatislanguage?Communication:transferringorconveyingamessagefromitssourcetoarecipient.Languageisasyst

5、emofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(functionalism)Notonlyforcommunication,butalsoforthinking.6SEMIOTICSAuditory-VocalVisualTactileOlfactoryGustatorySpeechSignlanguagesDeaf-blindlanguagePhysiologicalvocalreflexesWritingcodesMuscleeffect

6、sKinesics(身势)Proxemics(空间关系)Voicequalities“Bodylanguage”(Non-verbalcommunication)7Twodistincttypesofcommunication“Communicationsystems”whenreferringtocommunicationinanimalsandinanimatethings(e.g.dolphins,plants,virusesandcomputers)Ingeneral,“language”

7、isthetermusedtodescribethecommunicationsystemthathumansuse.“Language”inthecaseofcommunicationinhumanbeings.8CommunicationinAnimalsandnatureSomeplantsusecoloredpetalstoattractinsectstotheirpollensothattheirseedswillbepropagated,otherintropicallocations

8、usecolorandscenttodeceiveinsectsintothinkingthattheyaresafe,andthentheytraptheunsuspectinginsectsintopetalsinstickyjuicesandproceedtoslowlydigesttheinsects.9Bees“dance”givingdirectionstootherbeestotellthemwheretofindnectar.Thedolphinseemstobea