chapter one the human body an orientation：第一章人体的取向

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1、TheHumanBody:AnOrientationI.AnOverviewofAnatomyandPhysiologyII.LevelsofOrganizationIII.MaintainingLifeIV.HomeostasisV.TheLanguageofAnatomyOverviewA.TopicsofAnatomya.Twocomplementarybranchesofsciencea.Anatomy–studiesthestructureofbodypartsandtheirrelat

2、ionshipstooneanotherb.Physiology–functionofthebody’sstructuralmachinery,harderto“see”b.TopicsinAnatomya.Gross(Macroscopic)Anatomy-studyoflargebodystructuresvisibletothenakedeyei.Heart,lungsandkidneysb.Regional–structuresinanareai.Muscles,bones,bloodve

3、ssels,nervesinthelegc.Systemic-systembysystemi.Cardiovascularsystemàheart,bloodvessels,etcd.Surface-howunderlyingstructuresrelatetooverlyingskinsurfacei.Howtodrawbloode.Microscopic-smallthingsinthebodyi.Cytology–cellsinthebodyii.Histology–tissuesf.Dev

4、elopmental-changesthatoccuroveralifespani.Embryology-Developmentbeforebirthc.TopicsinPhysiologya.RenalPhysiology-studyofthekidneysb.Neurophysiology-workingsofthenervoussystemc.CardiovascularPhysiology-examinestheoperationofheartandbloodvesselsd.Princi

5、pleofComplementarityofStructureandFunctiona.FunctionreflectsstructureLevelsofStructuralOrganizationA.OverviewofLevels(fig)a.Chemicalb.Cellularc.Tissued.Organe.OrganSystem(fig)f.OrganismallevelMaintainingLifeA.NecessaryLifeFunctionsa.Importanttonotetha

6、tallsystemsworktogether(fig)b.MaintainingBoundariesa.Mostkeeptheexternalenvironmentseparatefromtheinternalenvironmentb.Integumentarysystemprotectsfromthesun,heat,bacteria,dehydration,etcc.Movementa.Allactivitiespromotedbythemuscularsystemwiththehelpof

7、theskeletalsystemb.Alsothemovementoffoodandwastethroughthebodyd.Responsiveness(Irritability)a.Abilitytosensechangesintheenvironmentb.Nervoussystemisoverseer,butallsystemsareinvolvede.Digestion-Breakingdownfoodintosmallmoleculestoabsorbf.Metabolism-mea

8、nsastateifchangea.Allchemicalreactionsinbodycellsi.Catabolism–breakingdownsubstancesintosimplerbuildingblocksii.Anabolism–synthesizingcomplexcellularstructuresfromsimplersubstances83i.CellularRespiration–usingnutrientsandoxygentoproduceATPb.Ex