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1、TPO35-1Memphis:UnitedEgypt’sFirstCapitalThecityofMemphis,locatedontheNilenearthemoderncityofCairo,wasfoundedaround3100B.C.asthefirstcapitalofarecentlyunitedEgypt.ThechoiceofMemphisbyEgypt’sfirstkingsreflectsthesite’sstrategicimportance.First,andmostobvious,theapexof
2、theNileRiverdeltawasapoliticallyopportunelocationforthestate’sadministrativecenter,standingbetweentheunitedlandsofUpperandLowerEgyptandofferingreadyaccesstobothpartsofthecountry.Theolderpredynastic(pre-3100BC)centersofpower,thisandHierakonpolis,weretooremotefromthev
3、astexpanseofthedelta,whichhadbeenincorporatedintotheunifiedstate.OnlyacitywithineasyreachofboththeNilevalleytothesouthandthemorespreadout,difficultterraintothenorthcouldprovidethenecessarypoliticalcontrolthattherulersofearlydynasticEgypt(roughly3000-2600B.C.)require
4、d.TheregionofMemphismusthavealsoservedasanimportantnodefortransportandcommunications,evenbeforetheunificationofEgypt.Theregionprobablyactedasaconduitformuch,ifnotall,oftheriver-basedtradebetweennorthernandsouthernEgypt.Moreover,commodities(suchaswine,preciousoils,an
5、dmetals)importedfromtheNearEastbytheroyalcourtsofpredynasticUpperEgyptwouldhavebeenchanneledthroughtheMemphisregionontheirwaysouth.Inshort,therefore,thesiteofMemphisofferedtherulersoftheEarlyDynasticPeriodanideallocationforcontrollinginternaltradewithintheirrealm,an
6、essentialrequirementforastate-directedeconomythatdependedonthemovementofgoods.EquallyimportantforthenationaladministrationwastheabilitytocontrolcommunicationswithinEgypt.TheNileprovidedtheeasiestandquickestarteryofcommunication,andthenationalcapitalwas,again,ideally
7、locatedinthisrespect.RecentgeologicalsurveysoftheMemphisregionhaverevealedmuchaboutitstopographyinancienttimes.ItappearsthatthelocationofMemphismayhavebeenevenmoreadvantageousforcontrollingtrade,transportandcommunicationsthanwaspreviouslyappreciated.Surveysanddrillc
8、oreshaveshownthattheleveloftheNilefloodplainhassteadilyrisenoverthelastfivemillenniums.Whenthefloodplainwasmuchlower,asitwouldhavebeeninpr
