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1、TPO37-1TheEmergenceofCivilizationStartingaround8000B.C.E.,themostextensiveexploitationofagricultureoccurredinrivervalleys,wheretherewerebothgoodsoilandadependablewatersupplyregardlessoftheamountofrainfall.IntheNearEast,thishappenedintheFertileCrescent,theregionextendinguptheNileValleyinEgypt,
2、norththroughtheLevant(Palestine,Lebanon,andSyria),andsoutheastintotheTigrisandEuphratesrivervalleysofMesopotamia.Therichestsoilwaslocatedinthedeltasatthemouthsoftherivers,butthedeltaswereswampyandsubjecttoflooding.Beforetheycouldbefarmed,theyneededtobedrainedandirrigated,andflood-controlsyste
3、mshadtobeconstructed.Theseactivitiesrequiredadministrativeorganizationandtheabilitytomobilizelargepoolsoflabor.InMesopotamia,perhapsasaconsequenceofaperiodofdrought,massiveland-useprojectswereundertakenafter4000B.C.E.tocultivatetherichdeltasoilsoftheTigrisandEuphratesRivers.Thelandwassoproduc
4、tivethatmanymorepeoplecouldbefed,andagreatpopulationexplosionresulted.Villagesgrewintocitiesoftensofthousandsofpersons.Theselargecitiesneededsomeformofcentralizedadministration.Archaeologicalevidenceindicatesthattheorganizationinitiallywasprovidedbyreligion,forthelargestbuildingineachcitywasa
5、massivetemplehonoringoneoftheMesopotamiangods.InUruk,forexample,a60-foot-longtempleknownastheWhiteHousewasbuiltbefore3000B.C.E.Therewerenootherlargepublicbuildings,suggestingthatthepriestswhowereinchargeofthetemplesalsowereresponsibleforgoverningthecityandorganizingpeopletoworkinthefieldsando
6、nirrigationprojectsbuildingandmaintainingsystemsofditchesanddams.Thegreatconcentrationofwealthandresourcesintherivervalleysbroughtwithitfurthertechnologicaladvances,suchaswheeledvehicles,multicoloredpotteryandthepotterywheel,andtheweavingofwoolgarments.Advancesinmetaltechnologyjustbefore2000B
7、.C.E.resultedinthecreationofbronze,adurablealloy(ormixture)ofabout90percentcopperand10percenttinthatprovidedasharpcuttingedgeforweapons.By3000B.C.E.,theeconomiesandadministrationsofMesopotamiaandEgypthadbecomesocomplexthatsomeformofrecordkeep