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龙泉青瓷的特征和鉴定CharacteristicsandidentificationofLongquanceladonOna2008-05-0808:36:56/personclassification:LongquanporcelainView(161)/comment(1)/score(0/0)InthepresentZhejiangprovinceLongquanCounty,avillage,Dayao,KimXikou,SongxiandotherareasintheNorthernSongDynastykiln,morethan20,totheSouthernSongDynastyhasmorethan40kiln,theGoldenVillage,Dayaotwokilnsatmost,qualityisthemostrefined.Fromtheunearthedspecimens,itbeganintheThreeKingdoms,flourishedintheSouthernSongandyuan,whilethedeclineintheMingDynasty,finallyKangxioftheQingDynasty,therearenearly800yearsinhistory.KnownasLongquanceladon,influencedbyYueOuMlnWuzhouk订nintheearlyNorthernSongDynastybeforetheproductstyle,characteristicsandthreekilnproductssimilar・Thebodyisthick,thickmatrix,palegreenglaze,theglazelayerisslightlythin.ThemiddleandlateNorthernSongDynastywasanimportantperiodforthedevelopmentofLongquan,andbegantoformitsownstyle・PreliminaryidentificationofLongquanporcelain,isfamiliarwiththeLongquancharacteristicsofglaze,andobservetheobjectsoffoot,familiarwiththecharacteristicsofflintred.Longquanglazeisgenerallymorehypertrophy,regardlessofconditionwhich,coloraremorepure,levelsdidnotchangesignificantly,thelotusandribswheretheglazeisrelativelythin,paleandslightly.Flintredalmostatthebottomofeachutensilhas,andsomemore,andsomeless,butallaroundthetreadglazecombinationofthe formationoftheplace,thecolorofthenaturalratherpure,redandredtrendofnaturalandirregular・Thebottomfootisworn,andwheretheflintisworn,thegraytirecanbeseen.Thedishatthebottomthereisaringofsomesticksburningtraces,thestarpointinacircle,andthefetalfetalbonecolor;somehavemoreintensivesmallerbubblesizes:somefloatingontheglazesurface,someintheglaze,butnolawofdistribution.Longquanporcelainisgenerallynotopen,somefewglazedcrack:someheatisnothigh,Longquanporcelainhasmoreopen,openthefine,sizeanddistributionofnaturaLLongquanporcelainglazecarvingknife(especiallylotuspetals)aregenerallyveryweak,faintaboutnow.Theedgeofthemouthandprominentplace,glazegenerallyhasgrindingmark,wearmarkplaceoftenwithoutluster・Longquantoglazethewins,badorpartialglazekilnartifactscollectionvalueisnothigh・Longquanceladonalsohasitsowncharacteristicsineveryage.IntheNorthernSongDynasty,limeglazewasapplied,theglazewasthinandtransparent,andthelusterwasstrongerIntheearlySongDynastystyleinfluencedbyYue,Wuzhoukiln,similarfeatures・Thebodyisthick,thickmatrix,slightlythinlightgreenishblueglaze・BeforetheNorthernSongDynastyLongquankilnproductionofporcelainproducts,whichcanberegardedasYueLongquanproduction,theproductioncraft,isareplicaoftheYueKilnporcelainglaze・Unt订thelateNorthernSongDynasty,beganinnovationhasitsowncharacteristics,inadditiontodisk,bowls,boxes,cans,pots,lampholderandothergeneralhouseholdutensils,bottles,bottles,potsandothermultiplebetsstartedtoshowa"uniquebrandmadeinLongquan〃・ Bowl,disctypecarvedornamentationtolotus,peony,chrysanthemumasthemaintheme,forcastorlines,foldinglines・Thedecorativelinesareseparatedbyarrislines,andthelinesaresingleanddoublelines.Thegeneralpatternforflowersandleaveswithcastorleaf.TheearlyNorthernSongDynastyproductsfetalthinandwhite,withpalegreenglaze,dish,bowl,potutensilswithpots,cans,rare・Thenewproductsofthisperiodincludemultitube,dishpotandmultileafbottle・Themultiplehandicapbottle,kettlecapbutton,buttonblossomenddecoratedgeneralbudmainly.Themultileafbottletopismainlymadeupofanimalslikechickenanddog・Intheglaze,theearlyapplicationofpalegreenglaze,ayellowphenomenon.InthelateNorthernSongDynastyisanimportantperiodofdevelopmentofLongquanporcelain,midandlateNorthernSongDynastykilnhasmorethan30,mainlyinDayao,YangJinCun,whitebank,Qingyuan,Lishui,Shiniuetc・・Inthemediumterm,moreandmoreporcelainstonescontainingsiliconandironareusedasbillets・Thecolorofthefetusisgrayorgray,andthereisalsoyellowing・Theglazeisthinandtheglazeisglossy・Thematrixareverythick,butregularshape,glazebylightgreenishbluetoyellow,moreproductstolifeutensils,therearecarved,scratchingandcombingindecoration,flowers,birds,fishandinsectspatternsanddesignofchildrenatplayetc.・Onthemanufacturingprocess,ThelateNorthernSongDynastybegantousethefootinsidesupportpadfever. Afterthemiddletireisgrayorpalegray,yellowglaze;decorationcommonlyusedinengraving,supplementedbygrateorgratedrawlines,inadditiontoAnthocephalus,wave,bananaleafpatterndecoration・Plate,bowlcarvedflowersandoftenwavy,filledgridlines,oftendrawlinesandstraightwallgratestripes・Bottle,potabdomencarvedpeonypattern.Thepatternissymmetricalingenera1.AftertheSouthernSongDynasty,thelimealkaliglazewasapplied,andtheglazewasthickandsoftandelegantSongTingnanmovedtoLing，anandbecamethepolitical,economicandculturalcenteroftheSouthernSongDynasty・ThepopulationofZhejiangincreasedgreatly,theexportactivitieswerebrisk,andtheporcelainindustrywasunprecedentedlydeveloped.TheSouthernSongDynastyLongquanentereditsheyday.ThenintheTangandFiveDynastiesflourishedYueceladonhaswithered,andthepowderblue,greenglazedporcelainisMeiZiintheSouthernSongDynastyLongquankilnfiringsuccessoftheceladonbeautypushedtothetop・KilnworkersaccordingtotheSouthernSongDynastyGuanporcelaincraft,theglazerecipemadeadjustments,creativelyproducewhitethickceladonglaze,likejadejade,whiletheglazelayerissmoothwithoutcuttingthedeeppalaceandbureaucracyinlove・ThiswhitethickceladonglazeunearthedinLing'an,thecapitalofSouthernSongDynastypalaceruins,cemeterieshavesix・TheSouthernSongDynastyLongquankilncanbedividedintoearlyandlatetwostages.Earlier,SongGaozongZhaogouselfinflammationfirstyear(AD1127)establishedtheregime,tothecapitalinLinganbeforeandafter10yearsoftime,politicalturmoil・Themainproductionofhouseholdutensilsandtheemperor longquan.ThecoloroftheSouthernSongDynastyiswhiteandsuffusedwithdeepgrey・Fivebottles,potsandotherhandicapstillfollowstheNorthernSongDynastytotheoldproduction,onlyfromthetypewithslightimprovement・Asfivebottles,fivebottleswereabdominaltubegourdshapedbottle,theupperpartofthestandpipe,threetosevenarebasedonfivetubetube,seemore,thefivetubebottleabdomenthanintheNorthernSongDynastyisabitthin,fromtheshouldersaredividedintotwogrades,finallyevolvedintoaclass,withnobodyshoulderprocesses.Lines,coverbuttonwithvariousanimalsuchaschicken,dog,birdinsteadofbuddecorativebutton.Tireisagray,lightgreenishblueorbluegreyglazeapplication・InadditiontotheoriginalproductionoftheNorthernSongDynastyartifacts,thetripodtypefurnace,furnace,boxtypefurnace,eightslagbucket,basin,statues,withbottles,bottles,fivebottlesofdragontigertube,etc・・Bowlanddishbottomthick,digfootgenerallyveryshallow,wideQuanzudwarf,theouterbottompadding.Decoratedwithcarvedflowers,flowersfivelines,flowersunderthebowlwallprojectionsoffivestraightlines,moremomentcloudbowl,therearedesignatedemblazonment,bowl"night"or^mindprintsYinWenYiFanriverside"fourcharactersarealsomorecommon.AttheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty,relieflotusleafveinsbegantobepopular・Theywereusedmorefrequentlyintheouterwallsofbowlsandbowls・InthelateSouthernSongDynasty,lotusleafveinsbecameshorterandwider,andtheywereclosetoeachother・MainfeaturesofLongquanceladoninearlySouthernSongdynasty:1.billetsarestillmadeofporcelainstonewithhigherironcontent,andthewallisgenerallymoreheavythanthemiddleandlateNorthernSongdynasty・Thefetusisnotdenseenoughandhasmorepores・Thecolorofthefetusisgrayishorgrayish・2.patternsinengraving,scratchingandcombrareflowers・Sunflowerbowlappeared,astampofwords,suchas"MinYiFan","night"etc•・3.glazeisstilllimeglaze,thinandtransparent,withglasstexture・ InthelateSouthernSongDynasty,heyday,Longquanceladondevelopmentatthistime,OukilnWuzhoukilnkiln,duetoresourcedepletionandotherreasonshavebeenfading・LocatedinthesouthwestofZhejiangProvinceLongquanisrichinclayandfuel,providedtheconditionsforthedevelopmentofporcelainproductionrichlyendowedbynature.Accordingtoarchaeologicalproof,thenLongquanandadjacentareas,inadditiontotheLongquankiln,Idininthevillage,andAnfuendures,SanyangQingyuanCounty,YunheCounty,shuiduiAzusasquarepit,SuichangCounty,JinyunCountyHushan,Daxibeach,Wanyaomountain,aswellasTaishun,Wencheng,Yongjia・Theformationofalargekilnsystem・LateSouthernSongDynastyLongquanceladonproductscanbedividedintowhitethickceladonglazeandblackembryothickceladonglazetwocategories・WhiteporcelainTaizhiexquisitecompact,thebluewhiteglaze,glazelayerrichinsoft,pinkandblue,MeiZiwerethebest,revealthefetalplantarpurple,commonlyknownas"theendofcinnabar〃・Inadditiontomodelingbowls,platesanddishes,waterdishes,censer,alsoappearedalotofantiqueartifacts,suchasLi,CongGu,etc・Thelotusornamentationtostringlines,theSouthernSongDynastyappearedattheendofPisces,dragonandappliquepeonypatternetc・・Blacktireceladonporcelainglazethickthin,fetaldarkgraycolor,commonlyknownas''gagger"、Greenglaze,multigrain,someobjectsoftherimshowfetalcolor,purplebrown,footendisironblack,commonlyknownas"Purpleironfoot"・Typeofbottles,furnace,respect,washing,pen,lampdecoration,rare,andtheSouthernSongDynastyjiaotanxiakilnporcelainhavealotincommon・MainfeaturesofLongquanceladoninmiddleandlateSouthernSong dynasty:1.,thetypeisrichandvaried,inadditiontodomesticutensils,therearecans,boxes,lamps,slagbucket,smokedfurnace・Apen,pen,stationery,etc・thewaterjarpenholderandavarietyofantique,bronze,ancientjadebottle・Apileofplasticbottles,bottles,dragontiger,lotusjar,untothetypeofbottlegourd,fivetubebottlesandothernewproductsinthisperiod・2.,dragonandtigerbottlesinsteadoftheNorthernSongDynastymultibottleandpot・Thebottleheightreduced,lowerabdomenthin,therearesomebottlelidcovercuptypebottle,theNorthernSongDynastyshoulderabdomenisplump,withgreatwall,thelotusflower,inscriptionchanzhi.AfurnaceinimitationofthecopperGestyle,itsshoulderandabdomenconvexedgeiscalled"outofband",isakindofdecorativeporcelain・3.improvedtiresoiltesting,addingproperamountofpurplesoilintheporcelainstone,improvethebendingstrength,hightemperaturedeformation,thegreentirethinning,overcomethe"heavythick"shortcomings,makethesculptbeautifullight・4.objectstirerepairexquisite,Quanzurepairisverythin,inthebottomfootscrapethinlineofredglaze,athinringappearsafterfiring,commonlyknownasz，cinnabar，z,donothavethecharm・The5.porcelainglaze,colorglazeandothernongrain,towin.Improvedglazeformula,fromlimeglazeintolimealkalineglaze,theglazeappearspinkandblue,MeiZiqing,beangreen,beige,yellowbeeswax,goose,blackandothercolors,includingblacktireceladondeepdarkgreencolor,thecolorisauniqueblacktire celadon.6.amoldformoldingwater,pot,potbellymelon,stamp,lotus,chrysanthemum,dragonmoiredecoration,mostofLongquanXikoukilnproduction・ThecharacteristicsoftheYuanDynastywerehighinshapeandheavyincarcass・FetalcolorisbasicallythesamewiththeSouthernSongDynasty,yellowgreenglazeTheSongDynastyLongquanthanexpandedseveraltimes,otherfeaturesarehighandstrong,thickglazematrix,thinning,andornamentalvaluedecreased・InordertoobtaintheloveandpromotionofYuanrulers,craftsmenusedtechniquessuchascarving,drawing,printing,pasting,carvingandspotbrowntobeautifyobjects・ThelotuspetalisoneofthemaindecorationsofLongquanceladoninsongandYuandynasties・IntheearlyyearsoftheYuanDynasty,thelotuspetalswerewideandshort,andtheywereconvenientlymadewithknivesorpincers・Thedecorationwasuniquetotheyuandynasty・Subsequently,mostoftheflapevolvedintoalongnarrow,shapedlikeadaisyvalve.BecauseitisfromtheSouthernSongDynasty,thefullsurfaceofthevalve,petalridgeofthelotuspetalsdeveloped,sopeoplestillcallit"lotusleaf"pattern.Thelotuspatternhasthefollowingform:theflapsurfaceflat,lotuspetaledgeswithaknifeorpliersintobothsideswiththeknifecarved;obliqueflap・Theflaphasthemiddleridge,mostflapthicknessofaridge,onthestraight,carvedrough;duginapartofwalllights,washordiskwithaknifefromtoptobottom,theupperflapsurfaceiswide,nocusps:LongquanXikoukilnproductionmouldmadeofbottlesandcansoflotuspetals,lotuspetaledgesarefineconvexline・ThisisthemainbasisfortheidentificationofLongquanceladoninsongandYuandynasties・IntheYuanDynastyporcelain,antiqueartifactsarerare,newtype,LingGaozucupmouthsetringearbottle,Pterisstatue,lotusjarandsoon,studentscupfootshort,upperandlowerare basicallythesamesize,hollowanddeepenough・Decoratedwithcarved,zoned,printing,stickers,engrave,heapandothermethods,inordertodrawflowers,rowpatternrough,boldlines,andtheemergenceofthebrowncolor・Artifactsaregenerallydecoratedwithpatterns,decorativemotifstoYunlong,Yu,Pisces,eightimmortals,eightdiagrams,plum,chrysanthemum,immediatelysealedHouandsoon.Inaddition,alargenumberofChineseandeightSiBatextinscriptions・Thelotuspetalsofthedishandbowlarelongandnarrow,andthearrangementissparse・Thereisnoveininthemiddleofthevalve,whichisdifferentfromthatoftheSouthernSongdynasty・Thebottomofthebowlandthefootofthebowlisdeepenoughtodig,andsomearedeepovertheouterwall,andtheouterpartofthefootisscrapedoffwithacircleofglaze・Theexposedfetusissuffusedwithredandthecenterisglazed.BythelateYuanDynasty,therewasnoglazeinthefoot,andthecenterwascoveredwithmilk・ThemakingprocessofMingDynastyisbasicallythesameasthatofYuanDynasty,buttendstoberoughSongandyuaninZhejiangLongquantoMingDynastyisgraduallyfading,buttomorrowmorning,midproductsisstillverybeautifu1.TheMingDynastyLongquanceladonsystemmodeling,ingeneralandintheSongDynasty,itsstyleanddelicatelybeautiful,butthehugethick・Productsarelarge,largebottles,plates,smalldailyutensils・TheglazehaslostMeiZiqingintheSouthernSongDynastythatsoft,greenglazedglaze,subtlearteffect・Atthistimeceladonglazelayeristhinandtransparent,glossisstronger・ HandeddownfTomtheproducts,productsarerefinedintheMingDynastyLongquanpoints・Finetreadcolor,white,microflashgray,fetalqualitydelicatethick,exquisiteproduction,exquisiteshape,fullglaze,disk,bowl,thebottomofthegeneraldoesnotglaze,butalsointhecircleoftheYuanDynastyleftfootscrapingpad,burnmarks・Blueglaze,thinandtransparentglaze,glazeglossisverystrong,evenslightlyyellowmoist,greenglaze・Implementswithchrysanthemumpattern,Gaozucupbowl,jadespringbottles,kettles,cansee,thefoothashighpupilcup,bamboodecoration,oneormoresections,digenoughroughandshallow.DecorationwiththestoryandRotogi,FuShou,thewords・Thetablehascarveddecorativepatterncomposition,densitydecency,finecarving・Coarseproducts,fetalqualityisnotfine,coarsetexture・Productionisnotfine,thecarcassisparticularlyheavy,especiallyatthebottom・Seehowtobowl,discproducts,greenflashyellowglaze.Theutensilstillusesthefullglazescrapingringpadtoburn,butthecraftisthick,commonhasthestraightmouth,thedeepabdomenbowlandsoon.Decoratedwithcarvedflowerprintsandpatternsaremainlyfortheouterwalloftheslenderchrysanthemumpattern,theinsideoftheflowerpattern,anddistinctivehistoricalstories,charactersandotherprintingershisixiao.Thefigureisprintedonthemultiwall,nexttotheportraitcharacterspecificimagerespectivelyaccordingtothebook"Confucius,"HanWuQiHui"only",duetotheproductionofthickprintingpatternsareoftenindistinct・AccordingtothedifferentperformanceoftheMingDynastyglaze,Longquanceladonalsoformdifferentporcelaindecorativefeaturestoglazetowin,printing,stickingpile,carved・ThedecorativerangeofMingLongquanceladonisalsogreatlyincreased・MingLongquanceladonistheuseofglazetransparency,theuseof carved,zoned,stackeddecoration,sothattheworkofanothercraftbeauty・Butingeneral,theMingDynastyLongquanIdinsystem,mostproductsforminghastytypeclumsy,sotothebeginningofQingDynasty,onthedecline・Understandingthecharacteristicsofthebottomofthemachinefromthefiringmethod1.theearlyNorthernSongDynastywiththebeadsupportingmatburn,thebottomleftbeadsupporting・2.midNorthernSongDynastytotheSouthernSongDynastyinthemidfootputsupportpadfever,thefootisunglazed,bowl,dishbottomisthick,andtheburningmethod.3.,thelateSongDynastytothemiddleoftheYuanDynasty,usingpadcaketosupportthewholemachine,footpadburning,footendunglazed,commonlyusedascinnabarbottom・"〃・1.,afterthemiddleoftheYuanDynasty,theadoptionoftheglenoidcushion,theoutercircleoftheouterpartoftheutensilwasscrapedwithglaze.2.intheMingDynastyandrestorefootputsupportpadfever,outsidethebottomwithoutglaze・
