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1、TransactionsinGIS,2009,13(s1):526ResearchArticleAccuracyofiPhoneLocations:AComparisonofAssistedGPS,WiFiandCellularPositioningPaulAZandbergenDepartmentofGeographyUniversityofNewMexicoAbstractThe3GiPhonewasthefirstconsumerdevicetoprovideaseamlessintegrationofthreepositioning
2、technologies:AssistedGPS(A-GPS),WiFipositioningandcellularnetworkpositioning.Thisstudypresentsanevaluationoftheaccuracyoflocationsobtainedusingthesethreepositioningmodesonthe3GiPhone.A-GPSlocationswerevalidatedusingsurveyedbenchmarksandcomparedtoatraditionallow-costGPSrec
3、eiverrunningsimultaneously.WiFiandcellularpositionsforindoorloca-tionswerevalidatedusinghighresolutionorthophotography.ResultsindicatethatA-GPSlocationsobtainedusingthe3GiPhonearemuchlessaccuratethanthosefromregularautonomousGPSunits(averagemedianerrorof8mforten20-minutefi
4、eldtests)butappearsufficientformostLocationBasedServices(LBS).WiFilocationsusingthe3GiPhonearemuchlessaccurate(medianerrorof74mfor58observations)andfailtomeetthepublishedaccuracyspecifications.PositionalerrorsinWiFialsorevealerraticspatialpatternsresultingfromthedesignofthe
5、calibrationeffortunderlyingtheWiFipositioningsystem.Cellularpositioningusingthe3GiPhoneistheleastaccuratepositioningmethod(medianerrorof600mfor64observations),consistentwithpreviousstudies.Prosandconsofthethreeposition-ingtechnologiesarepresentedintermsofcoverage,accuracy
6、andreliability,fol-lowedbyadiscussionoftheimplicationsforLBSusingthe3GiPhoneandsimilarmobiledevices.1IntroductionReliablelocationinformationhasbecomeacornerstoneofmanyapplications,includingemergencyservices,navigation,commercialservices,recreation,trackingandnetwork-Addre
7、ssforcorrespondence:PaulA.Zandbergen,DepartmentofGeography,BandelierWestRoom111,MSC011110,1UniversityofNewMexico,Alburquerque,NM87131,USA.E-mail:zandberg@unm.edu©2009BlackwellPublishingLtddoi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2009.01152.x6PAZandbergening.GlobalPositioningSystems(GPS)ha
8、veemergedastheleadingtechnologytoprovidelocationinformationtotheseLocationBasedServices(LBS).AGP
