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1、IntroductoryStatisticswithRPeterDalgaardSpringerPrefaceRisastatisticalcomputerprogram,madeavailablethroughtheInternetundertheGeneralPublicLicense(GPL).Thatis,itissuppliedwithali-censethatallowsyoutouseitfreely,distributeit,orevensellit,aslongasthereceiv
2、erhasthesamerightsandthesourcecodeisfreelyavailable.ItexistsforMicrosoftWindows95orlater,foravarietyofUnixandLinuxplatforms,andfortheAppleMacintosh(OSversionsnewerthan8.6).Rprovidesanenvironmentinwhichyoucanperformstatisticalanalysisandproducegraphics.I
3、tisactuallyacompleteprogramminglanguage,althoughthatisonlymarginallydescribedinthisbook.Herewecontentourselveswithlearningtheelementaryconceptsandseeinganumberofcookbookexamples.Risdesignedinsuchawaythatitisalwayspossibletodofurthercomputationsontheresu
4、ltsofastatisticalprocedure.Furthermore,thedesignforgraphicalpresentationofdataallowsbothno-nonsensemeth-ods,forexampleplot(x,y),andthepossibilityoffine-grainedcontroloftheoutputappearance.ThefactthatRisbasedonaformalcomputerlanguagegivesittremendousflexib
5、ility.Othersystemspresentsimplerinterfacesintermsofmenusandforms,butoftentheapparentuser-friendlinessturnsintoahindranceinthelongerrun.Althoughelementarystatisticsisoftenpresentedasacollectionoffixedprocedures,analysisofmoderatelycomplexdatarequiresad-ho
6、cstatisticalmodelbuilding,whichmakestheaddedflexibilityofRhighlydesirable.viiiPrefaceRowesitsnametotypicalInternethumour.YoumaybefamiliarwiththeprogramminglanguageC(whosenameisastoryinitself).Inspiredbythis,BeckerandChamberschoseintheearly1980stocallthei
7、rnewlydevelopedstatisticalprogramminglanguageS.ThislanguagewasfurtherdevelopedintothecommercialproductS-PLUS,whichbytheendofthedecadewasinwidespreaduseamongstatisticiansofallkinds.RossIhakaandRobertGentlemanfromtheUniversityofAuckland,NewZealand,choseto
8、writeareducedversionofSforteachingpurposes,andwhatwasmorenaturalthanchoosingtheimmediatelyprecedingletter?Ross’andRobert’sinitialsmayalsohaveplayedarole.In1995MartinMaechlerpersuadedRossandRoberttoreleasethesourcecodeforRunderthe
