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1、StatisticalReasoninginMedicineTheIntuitiveP-ValuePrimerSecondEditionLemuelA.MoyéStatisticalReasoninginMedicineTheIntuitiveP-ValuePrimerSecondEditionLemuelA.MoyéUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHoustonSchoolofPublicHealthHouston,TX77030USAmoyelaptop@msn.comLibraryofCongressControl
2、Number:2006930252ISBN-10:0-387-32913-7ISBN-13:978-0387-32913-0Printedonacid-freepaper.©2006SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCAllrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,Ne
3、wYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftrade
4、names,trademarks,servicemarksandsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(EB)987654321springer.comToDixieandtheDELTsPrefaceYouandIhavesomeimportantandinteresti
5、ngconversationscomingupshortly.However,IproposethatwepostponethoseforamomentwhileIsharewithyoumymotivationsforwritingthisbook.Thefrustrationsofdoctors,nurses,judges,legislators,andadministra-torsthatariseastheyinterprethealthcareresearcheffortsaretheunfortunateandpredictableproductsof
6、theirmeagerresearchbackgrounds.Itisonlyhumanforthemtograbforwhateversupportinggripsareavailable;onesuchhandholdistheubiquitousp-value.Thisreductionofaresearchefforttoasinglenumberisregrettable,butquiteunderstandable.Thecomplexityofamodernhealthcareresearchendeavorrequiresaclearunderst
7、andingofthecircumstancesinwhichonecangeneralizeresultsfromrelativelysmallsamplestolargepopulations.Eventhoughthecon-ceptofgeneralizationisnonmathematical,manyresearchersarenotitsmaster.Recognizingtheirdisadvantage,theylatchontothep-value,believingthatitneatlybindsthesecomplicatedfeatu
8、resin