Newmeyer GRAMMAR IS GRAMMAR AND USAGE IS USAGE

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1、GRAMMARISGRAMMARANDUSAGEISUSAGEFrederickJ.NewmeyerDepartmentofLinguisticsUniversityofWashingtonSeattle,WA98195-4340fjn@u.washington.eduJanuary20031.Usage-basedmodelsofgrammarThelate1960swasanexcitingtimetoenterfieldoflinguisticsforsomeonelike1me,whoseintereststen

2、dedtosyntaxandsemantics.Myfirstyearasagraduatestudentwitnessedthebirthoftheapproachcalled‘generativesemantics’.Generativesemanticspromisedtototallyrevolutionizethefieldoftransformationalgenerativegrammar,whichitselfwasbarelyadecadeoldatthetime.Witheachpassingyear

3、,generativesemanticistsdeclaredthatsomeseeminglywell-establishedboundarywasnothingbutanillusion.Itallbeganin1967whenGeorgeLakoffandHajRosschallengedtheexistenceofthelevelofDeepStructure,andwithittheboundarybetweensyntaxandsemantics(LakoffandRoss1967/1976).Thefoll

4、owingyearJimMcCawleyarguedthatsyntacticandlexicalstructureswereformalobjectsofthesamesort(McCawley1968).Theninquicksuccession,thedividinglinebetweensemanticsandpragmatics(Lakoff1970/1972),grammaticalityandungrammaticality(Lakoff1973),categorymembershipandnon-memb

5、ership(Ross1973a;b),and,finally,grammarandusage(Lakoff1974)wereallcastintodoubt.Atthesametime,manysociolinguistswereproposingmodelsinwhichstatisticalfactsaboutthespeechcommunitywereincorporatedintogrammaticalrules(Labov1969;1972).Butbythelate1970s,generativeseman

6、tics,forreasonsIhavediscussedelsewhere(Newmeyer1986),hadallbutdisappeared.Mostsyntacticianshadre-embracedtheboundarieswhosedemisehadbeenheraldedonlyafewyearsearlier.Thelastdecadehasseentheresurgenceofmanyofsameideasthatwerethehallmarkofgenerativesemantics.Inparti

7、cularmostofthewaysoflookingatformandmeaningthatfallundertherubricof‘cognitivelinguistics’havereasserted—albeitindifferentform—thebulkoftheideasthatcharacterizedgenerativesemantics.Langacker1987:494coinedtheterm‘usage-basedmodel’torefertothoseapproachesthatrejecta

8、sharpdistinctionbetweenlanguageknowledgeandlanguageuse.Myimpressionisthatmanymorelinguistsaroundtheworlddocognitivelinguisticsthandogenerativegrammar.Manyfunct