PSYC_Note-C6,7

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1、PSYCHOLOGY100Chapter6:Learning:HowNurtureChangesUsnClassicalConditioningnOperantConditioningnCognitiveModelsofLearningnBiologicalInfluencesonLearningnLearningFads:DotheyWork?LearningHabituationVs.SensitizationRespondingtostimulilessormoreovertimeClassicalConditioningIvanPavlovnRussian

2、physiologistand1904NobelPrizewinnernMostfamousforworkondigestionofthedognThisincludedthefirstworkonclassicalconditioningnInvolvesfiveprimarycomponents¨Neutralstimulus(NS)¨Unconditionedstimulus(UCS)¨Unconditionedresponse(UCR)¨Conditionedstimulus(CS)¨Conditionedresponse(CR)1.Startwithan

3、eutralstimulus,whichdoesnotelicitaparticularresponse•Metronome2.PairtheNSagainandagainwiththeunconditionedstimulus,whichelicitsanunconditionedresponse•Meatpowderandsalivation3.Eventually,theNSbecomesaconditionedstimulus,elicitingaconditionedresponse•MetronomeandsalivationnTheorganismr

4、eactsthesamewaytothepreviouslyNSasitdidtotheUCSClassicalConditioningPrinciplesnAcquisition:PhaseduringwhichaCRisestablishednExtinction:ReductionandeliminationoftheCRaftertheCSispresentedrepeatedlywithouttheUCSnSpontaneousrecovery:Suddenreemergenceofanextinctconditionedresponseafterade

5、layinexposuretotheconditionedstimulusnRenewaleffect:SuddenreemergenceofaconditionedresponsefollowingextinctionwhenananimalisreturnedtotheenvironmentinwhichtheconditionedresponsewasacquirednStimulusgeneralizationiswhensimilarCSselicitaCR(e.g.,drivinganewcar)nStimulusdiscriminationiswhe

6、nweexhibitaCRonlytocertainstimuli,notsimilarothers(e.g.,WatchingtornadoonTVvs.tornadoinreallife)HigherOrderConditioningnProcesswhereorganismsdevelopclassicallyconditionedresponsestoCSsassociatedwiththeoriginalCSnBecomesweakerthefartherfromtheoriginalCSnDevelopingaconditionedresponseto

7、aconditionedstimulusbyvirtueofitsassociationwithanotherconditionedstimulusApplicationsofClassicalConditioningtoDailyLife:Acquisitionoffearsandphobias,Acquisitionoffearsandphobias,nAdvertisersrepeatedlypairtheirproductswithstimulithatelicitpositiveemotionsnCanshowlatentinhibition:Diffi

8、culty