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ID:40001614
大小:437.00 KB
页数:103页
时间:2019-07-17
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1、ChapterThirty-ThreeExternalitiesExternalitiesAnexternalityisacostorabenefitimposeduponaconsumerorafirmbyactionstakenbyothers.Thecostorbenefitisthusgeneratedexternallytotheconsumerorthefirm.Anexternallyimposedbenefitisapositiveexternality.Anexternallyimp
2、osedcostisanegativeexternality.ExamplesofNegativeExternalitiesAirpollution.Waterpollution.Loudpartiesnextdoor.Trafficcongestion.Second-handcigarettesmokesufferedbyanon-smoker.Increasedhealthinsurancepremiaduetoalcoholortobaccoconsumption.ExamplesofPosit
3、iveExternalitiesAwell-maintainedpropertynextdoorthatraisesthemarketvalueofyourownproperty.Apleasantcologneorscentwornbythepersonseatednexttoyou.Improveddrivinghabitsthatreduceaccidentrisks.Ascientificadvance.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyThecrucialfeatureof
4、anexternalityisthatitimpactsathirdparty;thatis,somebodywhoisnotdirectlyaparticipantintheactivitywhichproducestheexternalcostorbenefit.ExternalitiesandEfficiencyExternalitiescauseParetoinefficiency;typicallytoomuchscarceresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhi
5、chcausesanegativeexternalitytoolittleresourceisallocatedtoanactivitywhichcausesapositiveexternality.ExternalitiesandPropertyRightsAnexternalitywillbetakentobeapurelypubliccommodity.Acommodityispurelypublicifitisconsumedbyeveryone(nonexcludability),andev
6、erybodyconsumestheentireamountofthecommodity(nonrivalryinconsumption).E.g.abroadcasttelevisionprogram.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesConsideranexampleoftwoagents,AandB,andtwocommodities,moneyandsmoke.BothsmokeandmoneyaregoodsforAgentA.Moneyisagoodand
7、smokeisabadforAgentB.Smokeisapurelypubliccommodity.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesAgentAisendowedwith$yA.AgentBisendowedwith$yB.Smokeintensityismeasuredonascalefrom0(nosmoke)to1(maximumconcentration).Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMon
8、eyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.Inefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOA10SmokemAyAMoneyandsmokearebothgoodsforAgentA.BetterInefficiency&NegativeExternalitiesOB10SmokemByBMoneyisagoodandsmokeisabadforAgentB.BetterInefficiency&Negat
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