Comments on Human Rights

Comments on Human Rights

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时间:2019-07-11

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1、CommentsonHumanRightsAconceptionofhumanrightsismeanttoplayacertainroleinglobalpoliticalargument(inwhatRawlscallsthe“publicreasonofthesocietyofpeoples”):principlesofhumanrightsaremeanttoprovidesharedstandardsforevaluatingandcriticizingthepracticesofapoliticalsocietyinitstreatmentofitsindividua

2、lmembers.Threepoints—signaledbythethreeitalicizedphrases(sharedstandards,practicesofapoliticalsociety,individualmembers)—areimportantinthischaracterizationofhumanrights.First,thefocusonindividuals.Theroleofaconceptionofhumanrightsistopresentasetofimportantstandardsthatallpoliticalsocietiesare

3、tobeheldaccountable,bytheirmembersandbyoutsiders,intheirtreatmentofindividualmembers.Astatementofhumanrightspresents,asiscommonlysaid,asetoflimitsoninternalsovereignty,or—perhapsbetter—presentsconditionsonwhichastate’sinternalsovereigntyisacknowledged.Theideathattherearesuchlimitsoninternalso

4、vereigntyisoftensaidtobeafundamentaldeparturefromtheWestphalianconceptionofthsovereigntythatprevailedfromthemid-17centuryuntiltheendofWorldWarII.Krasnerexpressessomeskepticismonthispoint:thoughthenormsofWestphaliansovereigntydenyexternalaccountability,thosenorms,heargues,havepersistentlybeenv

5、iolatedbyexternally-guaranteedprotectionsofrights;that’swhysovereigntyisorganizedhypocrisy.ThechangesinceWorldWarII,Krasnerclaims,isbetterunderstoodasashiftfromabridgementsinthenameofminoritygrouprights(alwayspartoftheWestphaliansystem)toabridgementsinthenameofindividualhumanrights,ratherthan

6、ashiftinthebasicunderstandingofsovereignty.Krasnerisrighttoemphasizethatprotectionsofminorityrightswereabridgementsofconventionalunderstandingsofinternalsovereignty.ButIsuspectthatthemorerecentdevelopmentshavechangedthenormsofsovereigntythemselves,andnotsimplyshiftedthecontentofthepredictable

7、abridgementsoftheconventionalnorms.Second,theconceptionofhumanrightsissupposed,insomesense,tobeshared:humanrightsstandardsarestandardsthatcanbeendorsedbypeoplewhoholddifferentreligiousandphilosophicalviews.Thestandardsrepresentapartialstateme

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