H.L.A.Hart, The Concept Of Law

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1、CLARENDONLAWSERIESEditedbyH..L.A.HARTCLARENDONLAWSERIESIntroductiontotheLawofPropertyByF.H.LAWSON.1958IntroductiontotheLawofContractByP.S.ATIYAH.1961TheConceptofLawByA.R.N.CROSS.1961AdministrativeLawBy.H.W.R.WADE.InpreparationOxfordUniversityPress,AmenHouse,LondonE.C.4GLASGOWNEWYORKTORONTOMEL

2、BOURNEWELLINGTONBOMBAYCALCUTTAMADRASKARACHIKUALALUMPURCAPETOWNIBADANNAIROBIACCRA©OxfordUniversityPress1961ThisisareprintenitionauthorixedbyOxfordUniversityPress.PrintedinJapanTOJ.H.PREFACEMyaiminthisbookhasbeentofurthertheunderstandingoflaw,coercion,andmoralityasdifferentbutrelatedsocialpheno

3、mena.Thoughitisprimarilydesignedforthestudentofjurisprudence,Ihopeitmayalsobeofusetothosewhosechiefinterestsareinmoralorpoliticalphilosophy,orinsociology,ratherthaninlaw.Thelawyerwillregardthebookasanessayinanalyticaljurisprudence,foritisconcernedwiththeclarificationofthegeneralframeworkofleg

4、althought,ratherthanwiththecriticismoflaworlegalpolicy.Moreover,atmanypoints,Ihaveraisedquestionswhichmaywellbesaidtobeaboutthemeaningsofwords.ThusIhaveconsidered:how'beingobliged'differsfrom'havinganobligation';howthestatementthataruleisavalidruleoflawdiffersfromapredic-tionofthebehaviourofo

5、fficials;whatismeantbytheassertionthatasocialgroupobservesaruleandhowthisdiffersfromandresemblestheassertionthatitsmembershabituallydocertainthings.Indeed,oneofthecentralthemesofthebookisthatneitherlawnoranyotherformofsocialstructurecanbeuntter-stoodwithoutanappreciationofcertaincrucialdistin

6、ctionsbetweentwodifferentkindsofstatement,whichIhavecalled'internal'and'external'andwhichcanbothbemadewhen-eversocialrulesareobserved.Notwithstandingitsconcernwithanalysisthebookmayalsoberegardedasanessayindescriptivesociology;forthesuggestionthatinquiriesintothemeaningsofwordsmerelythrowligh

7、tonwordsisfalse.tManyimportantdistinctions,whicharenotimmediatelyobvious,betweentypesofsocialsituationorrelationshipsmaybestbebroughttolightbyanexaminationofthestandardusesoftherelevantexpressionsandofthewayinwhichthesedependonasocialcontext,