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1、GODANDMORALITYRichardSwinburneThefirstsixarticlesinthisissueofTHINKhavethetheme“GoodwithoutGod”.Here,RichardSwinburnearguesthattheexistenceofGodisnotapreconditionoftherebeingmoraltruths,buthisexistencedoesThinkimpactonwhatmoraltruthsthereare.Winter2008SupposethatthereisaGodofthekindaffirmedb
2、yChristianity,JudaismandIslam.Whatdifferencedoesthatmaketomorality?IshallarguethattheexistenceandactionsofGodmakenodifferencetothefactthattherearemoraltruths,butthattheymakeagreatdifferencetowhatthosemoraltruthsare.†Actionsmaybe(objectively)morallygood,bad,orindif-7ferent.Amonggoodactionsare
3、thosewhichareobligatory(thatis,areduties),andoneswhichgobeyondobligationandwhicharecalled‘supererogatory’.Iamobligedtopaymydebts,butnottogivemylifetosavethatofacomrade–supremely,supererogatorily,goodthoughitisthatIshoulddoso.Likewiseamongbadactions,therearethosewhichitisobligatorynottodo–the
4、searewrongactions;andtherearebadactionswhicharenotwrong,andwhichIcall‘infravetatory’.Itiswrongtorapeorsteal,yet(plausibly)itisbadbutnotwrong(barringspecialcircumstances)to‘wasteone’stalents’orsitbyoneselfwatchingsoftporno-graphicDVD’s.Bysayingthatsomeactionis‘objectively’good,badorwhatever,I
5、meanthatitisso,whetherornottheagentbelievesittobeso.IfIhaveborrowed£100fromyou,Ihaveanobligationtorepayyouthe£100,whetherornotIbelievethatIhavethatobligation.Bysayingthatsomeactionis‘subjectively’goodorwhatever,Ishallmeanthattheagentbelievesthatitisobjectivelygoodorwhatever.Oursubjectiveobli
6、gationsaretofulfillwhatwedoi:10.1017/S1477175608000158#2008TheRoyalInstituteofPhilosophyThink20,Vol.7(Winter2008)believetobeourobjectiveobligations.(Thoughthemainpointofthispaperdoesnotdependonthis)Isuggestthatsomeoneisonlyblameworthyforfailingtoperformtheirsubjectiveobligations,and(atanyrat
7、enormally)onlyprai-seworthyfordoingactionswhicharesubjectivelysuperero-gatorilygood,thatisactionswhichtheybelievetobeobjectivelysupererogatorilygood.Inthispaper–untilthe8lastparagraph–Ishallbeconcernedonlywiththeobjec-†tivemoralqualitiesofactions.A
