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1、GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewD
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3、sbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©FrederickC.Beiser2011ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2011Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermis
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6、78–0–19–969155–513579108642Inmemoriam:JosephLevine,1933–2008Thehistorian'shistorianPrefaceThisbookisare‐examinationof“theoldhistoricism”,theclassicalhistoricisttraditionthatbeganinGermanywithChladeniusinthemiddleoftheeighteenthcenturyandthatendedwithMaxWeberatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.Thi
7、straditionhasshapedourintellectualuniversetoanextraordinarydegree,sothattodayweareallhistoricistinourwaysofthinking.Yetweareindangerofforgettingthistradition,oflettingitslipawayintothemistsofthepast.Whenpeoplethinkofhi