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1、ChapterThirteenTheNatureofMethod1.TheUnityofSubjectMatterandMethod.Thetrinityofschooltopicsissubjectmatter,methods,andadministrationorgovernment.Wehavebeenconcernedwiththetwoformerinrecentchapters.Itremainstodisentanglethemfromthecontextinwhichtheyhavebeenreferredto,anddiscussexplic
2、itlytheirnature.Weshallbeginwiththetopicofmethod,sincethatliesclosesttotheconsiderationsofthelastchapter.Beforetakingitup,itmaybewell,however,tocallexpressattentiontooneimplicationofourtheory;theconnectionofsubjectmatterandmethodwitheachother.Theideathatmindandtheworldofthingsandper
3、sonsaretwoseparateandindependentrealms--atheorywhichphilosophicallyisknownasdualism--carrieswithittheconclusionthatmethodandsubjectmatterofinstructionareseparateaffairs.Subjectmatterthenbecomesaready-madesystematizedclassificationofthefactsandprinciplesoftheworldofnatureandman.Metho
4、dthenhasforitsprovinceaconsiderationofthewaysinwhichthisantecedentsubjectmattermaybebestpresentedtoandimpresseduponthemind;or,aconsiderationofthewaysinwhichthemindmaybeexternallybroughttobearuponthemattersoastofacilitateitsacquisitionandpossession.Intheory,atleast,onemightdeducefrom
5、ascienceofthemindassomethingexistingbyitselfacompletetheoryofmethodsoflearning,withnoknowledgeofthesubjectstowhichthemethodsaretobeapplied.Sincemanywhoareactuallymostproficientinvariousbranchesofsubjectmatterarewhollyinnocentofthesemethods,thisstateofaffairsgivesopportunityfortheret
6、ortthatpedagogy,asanallegedscienceofmethodsofthemindinlearning,isfutile;--amerescreenforconcealingthenecessityateacherisunderofprofoundandaccurateacquaintancewiththesubjectinhand.Butsincethinkingisadirectedmovementofsubjectmattertoacompletingissue,andsincemindisthedeliberateandinten
7、tionalphaseoftheprocess,thenotionofanysuchsplitisradicallyfalse.Thefactthatthematerialofascienceisorganizedisevidencethatithasalreadybeensubjectedtointelligence;ithasbeenmethodized,sotosay.Zoologyasasystematicbranchofknowledgerepresentscrude,scatteredfactsofourordinaryacquaintancewi
8、thanimalsaftertheyh