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1、哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G.M.Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法,从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文,而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。WhitesidesGroup:WritingaPaperGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA1.Whatisascientificpaper?A
2、paperisanorganizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intendedtoinstructthereader.Papersareacentralpartofresearch.Ifyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustaswellnothavebeendone.“Interestingandunpublished”isequivalentto“non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说
3、、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realizethatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulateandtesthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveisnotto“collectdata.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说,得出结论,不是简单的数据收集。]Apaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstorin
4、gacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoastructureforplanningyourresearchinprogress.Ifyouclearlyunderstandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeimmenselyusefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourresearch.Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanfortheresearchprogram.You
5、shouldwriteandrewritetheseplans/outlinesthroughoutthecourseoftheresearch.Atthebeginning,youwillhavemostlyplan;attheend,mostlyoutline.Thecontinuousefforttounderstand,analyze,summarize,andreformulatehypothesesonpaperwillbeimmenselymoreefficientforyouthanapr
6、ocessinwhichyoucollectdataandonlystarttoorganizethemwhentheircollectionis“complete.”[论文并不仅是收集研究结果,也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架][好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划,在研究的过程中,应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时,应有完善的计划;工作结束时,应充分的总结。]2.Outlines2.1Thereasonforoutlines.Iemphasizethecentralplaceofanoutlin
7、einwritingpapers,preparingseminars,andplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andforme,itismostefficienttowritepapersfromoutlines.Anoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,includingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,thinkofanoutlineasacar
8、efullyorganizedandpresentedsetofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandconclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.[按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法][提纲是一篇论文的行文计划,应该包括论文所依靠的数据。提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容,而是按照目的,假说,结论来精心组织数据。]Anoutlineitselfcontainsl