the joints of lower limbs

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1、JointsofLowerlimb下肢骨连结（一）Thejointsofpelvicgirdle下肢带连结1、SacroiliacJoint骶髂关节：特点：其周围有多条韧带加强稳固性强Compositionauricularsurfaceofilium髂骨耳状面、auricularsurfaceofsacrum骶骨耳状面2、髋骨与脊柱间的韧带连结（1）SacrotuberousLigament骶结节韧带（2）SacrospinousLigament骶棘韧带greatersciaticforamen坐骨大孔：由骶棘韧带和坐骨大切迹围成lessersciaticforamen坐骨

2、小孔:由骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带和坐骨小切迹围成SacrospinousLigamentSacrotuberousLigamentgreatersciaticforamen坐骨大孔lessersciaticforamen坐骨小孔3、PubicSymphysis耻骨联合4、ObturatorMembrane闭孔膜interpubicdisc耻骨间盘闭孔膜symphysialsurface耻骨联合面interpubicdisc耻骨间盘Composition:5、Pelvis骨盆Composition:pairedhipbones髋骨sacrum骶骨coccyx尾骨二者以termina

3、lline界线为界portions:greaterpelvis大骨盆lesserpelvis小骨盆相互连接而成Pelvicinlet骨盆上口:界线Pelvicoutlet骨盆下口：lesserpelvis小骨盆tipofcoccyx尾骨尖,sacrotuberousligament,ischialtuberosity坐骨结节,ramusofischium坐骨支,inferiorramusofpubis耻骨下支symphysis耻骨联合promontoryofsacrum骶岬,arcuateline弓状线,pectenofpubis耻骨梳,pubictubercle耻骨结节,u

4、pperborderofpubicsymphysis耻骨联合上缘Terminalline界线：formedbyLargerSmallOutlet出口Shallower,wideDeep，narrowPelviccavityRightangle(90~1000)Acuteangle(70~750)SubpubicangleRoundOvalorheartshapedInlet入口WideandshortNarrowandlongOverallfemaleMale6.Maindifferencebetweenmaleandfemalpelvis(二）jointsoffreelow

5、erlimb自由下肢骨连结1、HipJoint髋关节(1)Composition：Acetabulum髋臼femoralhead股骨头(2)Characteristic：①髋臼深，周围有髋臼唇acetabulumlabrum加深②关节囊紧张坚韧，Articularcapsuleattachments:③ligaments韧带：iliofemoralligament髂股韧带、Ligamentofheadoffemur股骨头韧带transverseacetebularligament髋臼横韧带Pubofemorallig.耻股韧带Ischiofemoralligament坐股韧带

6、髂股韧带股骨头韧带(3)movement：Flexion屈Extention伸Medialandlateralrotation内旋、外旋Circumdution环转Addution内收Abdution外展2、KneeJoint膝关节(1)Composition：股骨下端、胫骨上端、髌骨构成(最大最复杂的关节)(2)Characteristic：①ligaments韧带：patellarlig.髌韧带、Fibularcollaterallig.腓侧副韧带TibiaLcollaterallig、胫侧副韧带Cruciatelig.Ofknee膝交叉韧带anteriorcruciat

7、elig.posteriorcruciatelig.2、KneeJoint膝关节(2)Characteristic：②meniscus半月板medialmeniscus内侧半月板：C形Lateralmeniscus外侧半月板：O形③synovialmembrane:Suprapatellarbursa髌上囊Alarfolds翼状襞(3)movements：flexion屈、extention伸，在半屈位时可作旋转运动。3、jointsbetweentibiaandfibula胫腓连结Tibiofibul