大气科学(气象)专业英语8

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1、Unit8:AHistoryofNumericalWeatherPredication第八课：数值天气预报的一段历史NewWordsprognostic预报的diagnostic诊断的strata(stratum)层humidity湿度velocity速度vorticity涡度vortex涡旋conserve使守恒primitive原始的barotropic正压的baroclinicity斜压性convection对流advection平流thermodynamics热力的nonhydrostatic非静力平衡retrog

2、ression退化parameterize参数化non-adiabatic非绝热TextInashortlectureitisnotpossibletodojusticetoallthosewhohavemadecontributionstothedevelopmentofNWP,letalonethosewhohavecontributedinlesserways.Itshouldthereforebenotedthatthisis“A”ratherthan“THE”historyofNWP.Thelecturecoversthepr

3、incipalmilestonesinNWPfromthe“beginning”tothepresentdayandisdividedintothreemainsections.1.TheBeginningAtthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturyBjerknes,thefamousNorwegianmeteorologist,wasoneofthefirsttoconsiderforecastingtheweatheraccordingtothedynamicsoftheatmosphere.Quiteindep

4、endentlyin1911,L.F.Richardsonwhohadalreadybeeninterestedinfinitedifferences,begantodreamofaforecastfactoryinwhichseveralthousandpeoplewouldcomputetheweather.OnceRichardsonbecameawareoftheBjerknesworkithadaconsiderableinfluenceonhissubsequentactivities.TheEmergenceofNumerical

5、WeatherPrediction:Richardson'sDreamDuetointerruptionsduringthewaryear,severalrevisionsandproblemswithfunding,itwas11yearsbeforeRichardson’s(1922)nowfamousbookonWeatherPredictionbyNumericalProcesswaspublished.HewasamostinterestingpersonandAshford(1985)haswrittenhisbiography.

6、Richardson’sbookisremarkableontwoaccounts.Hewasoneofthefirsttosetoutthefundamentalequationsofthedynamicsandphysicsoftheatmosphereinasystematicwayandheproducedaseriesofcomputingformssuitableforthenumericalsolutionofthosefundamentalequations.Richardsondevelopedasetofpartiald

7、ifferentialequationsforpredictingpressure,temperature,horizontalandverticalvelocityandmoisturetakingintoaccountradiation,theeffectsofcloud,andprecipitation,eddymotion,friction,topographyandexchangesofenergybetweenthegroundandtheatmospherewhichevenincludedvariationsduetovegeta

8、tionandstateofground.Theconsiderationofthesephysicalprocesseswasmos