Introduction to Sumerian Grammar

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1、INTRODUCTIONTOSUMERIANGRAMMARDANIELAFOXVOGLECTURERINASSYRIOLOGY(RETIRED)UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATBERKELEYRevisedMay2012CONTENTSPREFACE3THESUMERIANWRITINGSYSTEM4TABLEOFSYLLABICSIGNVALUES16PHONOLOGY18NOUNSANDADJECTIVES23THENOMINALCHAIN28PRONOUNSANDDEMON

2、STRATIVES31SUMMARYOFPERSONALPRONOUNFORMS38THEADNOMINALCASES:GENITIVEANDEQUATIVE39THECOPULA46ADVERBSANDNUMERALS51THEADVERBALCASES54INTRODUCTIONTOTHEVERB61DIMENSIONALPREFIXES1:INTRODUCTION69DIMENSIONALPREFIXES2:DATIVE73DIMENSIONALPREFIXES3:COMITATIVE,A

3、BLATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL,TERMINATIVE78COREPREFIXES:ERGATIVE,LOCATIVE-TERMINATIVE,LOCATIVE83THEVENTIVEELEMENT90RELATIVECLAUSES:THENOMINALIZINGSUFFIX-a95PREFORMATIVES(MODALPREFIXES)102THEIMPERATIVE109IMPERFECTIVEFINITEVERBS117PARTICIPLESANDTHEINFINITIVE127

4、APPENDIX:CHARTOFVERBALPREFIXCHAINELEMENTS150APPENDIX:THEEMESALDIALECT151INDEX152EXERCISES1532PREFACEEntianonsuntmultiplicandapraeternecessitatemWilliamofOckhamThisgrammarisintendedprimarilyforuseinthefirstyearofuniversitystudyundertheguidanceofateach

5、erwhocandescribetheclassicproblemsingreaterdetail,addcurrentalternativeexplanationsforphenomena,helpthestudentparseandunderstandthemanytextualillustrationsfoundthroughout,andprovidesupplementaryinformationaboutthehistoryofthelanguageandthecultureofea

6、rlyMesopotamia.Afewexerciseshavebeenprovidedtoaccompanystudyofthelessons,someartificial,othersdrawnfromactualtexts.BothrequirevocabularylookupfromthecompanionElementarySumerianGlossaryoritsequivalent.Uponcompletingthisintroduction,thestudentwillbewel

7、lpreparedtoprogresstosignlearningandreadingoftexts.KonradVolk'sASumerianReader(StudiaPohlSeriesMaior18,Rome,1997-)isagoodbeginning.ThisintroductionmayalsobeofbenefittothosewhohavealreadylearnedsomeSumerianmoreorlessinductivelythroughthereadingofsimpl

8、eroyalinscriptionsandwhowouldnowlikeamorestructuredreviewofitsgrammar,withthehelpofabundanttextualillustrations,fromsomethingabitmorepracticalandpedagogicallyorientedthantheavailablereferencegrammars.Cross-referenceshaveoftenbeenprovidedthroughouttos