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1、2016安徽教师统考《英语学科专业知识》CommonLaw(判例法)CommonLawisonepartofTheBritishConstitution,ithasneverbeenpreciselydefined.Itisdeducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges.判例法:英国法院特别是高等法院在司法实践中对某些案例的判决和解释。TheOpposition(反对党)指某些国家中的在野党,指实行多党制的国家中不执政的政党。与执政党相对。ShadowCabin
2、et(影子内阁)某些行内阁制的民主国家,其在野党为准备上台执政而设的预备内阁班子;往往由下议院中最大的反对党领袖,物色下院中有影响的同党议员,按内阁形式组建而成。这种制度由英国保守党首创,也叫“预备内阁”、“在野内阁”。下面这段中英文互译的文字清楚地解释了反对党和影子内阁:Britainhasanumberofparties,butthereareonlytwomajorparties.ThesetwopartiesaretheConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.Since1945,eithertheConserva
3、tivePartyortheLabourPartyhasheldpower.ThepartywhichwinssufficientseatsataGeneralElectioncommandsamajorityofGovernment.ThepartyleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointedPrimeMinister.ThepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomestheOfficialOpposition,withitsownleaderand“shadowca
4、binet”.Theroleofoppositionistohelptheformulationofpolicy,criticizetheGovernmentanddebatewiththeGovernment.英国有很多政党,但有两个主要的政党----保守党和工党。从1945年以来,两党一直轮流执政,在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府,多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为“反对党”,有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策,给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。thePrivyCouncil(枢
5、密院):1.abodyofadvisors(450members)2.currentandformerCabinetmembersandimportantpublicfigures3.ItsmaindutyistogiveadviceChecksandBalances(制衡原则)制衡原则,指西方政治结构中为防止滥用职权,在立法,司法,行政三权之间或师出教育电话:400-600-2690第1页共10页咨询QQ:1400700402在各政府各部门之间实行相互牵制的原则。“ChecksandBalances”isoneofthecharacteristic
6、sintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.ItgoesbacktothetraditionthateveryoneintheUnitedStateswasafraidthatonepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecometoopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.Toguardagainstthispossibility,thedelegateswhodraftedtheConstitut
7、ionsetupagovernmentconsistingofthreeparts,orbranches:thelegislature,theexecutive,andthejudiciary.Eachbranchhaspowersthattheothersdonothaveandeachbranchhasawayofcounteractingandlimitinganywrongfulactionbyotherbranches.Renaissance(文艺复兴)theperiodinEurope,especiallyItaly,inthe14th,
8、15th,and16thcenturies,whentherewasanewinterestinLatina