Fluid Mechanics (BRUCE R. MUNSON) Chapter1 Introduction.pdf

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1、7708d_c01_0028/2/0111:01AMPage2Thebreak-upofafluidjetintodropsisafunctionoffluidpropertiessuchasdensity,viscosity,andsurfacetension.[ReprintedwithpermissionfromAmericanInstituteofPhysics(Ref.6)andtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(Ref.7).]7708d

2、_c01_02-387/5/011:37PMPage31IntroductionFluidmechanicsisFluidmechanicsisthatdisciplinewithinthebroadfieldofappliedmechanicsconcernedwithconcernedwiththethebehaviorofliquidsandgasesatrestorinmotion.Thisfieldofmechanicsobviouslybehaviorofliquidsencompassesavas

3、tarrayofproblemsthatmayvaryfromthestudyofbloodflowintheandgasesatrestcapillaries1whichareonlyafewmicronsindiameter2totheflowofcrudeoilacrossAlaskaandinmotion.throughan800-mile-long,4-ft-diameterpipe.Fluidmechanicsprinciplesareneededtoex-plainwhyairplanesarem

4、adestreamlinedwithsmoothsurfacesforthemostefficientflight,whereasgolfballsaremadewithroughsurfaces1dimpled2toincreasetheirefficiency.Nu-merousinterestingquestionscanbeansweredbyusingrelativelysimplefluidmechanicsideas.Forexample:Howcanarocketgeneratethrustw

5、ithouthavinganyairtopushagainstinouterspace?Whycan’tyouhearasupersonicairplaneuntilithasgonepastyou?Howcanariverflowdownstreamwithasignificantvelocityeventhoughtheslopeofthesurfaceissosmallthatitcouldnotbedetectedwithanordinarylevel?Howcaninformationobtai

6、nedfrommodelairplanesbeusedtodesigntherealthing?Whydoesastreamofwaterfromafaucetsometimesappeartohaveasmoothsurface,butsometimesaroughsurface?Howmuchgreatergasmileagecanbeobtainedbyimprovedaerodynamicdesignofcarsandtrucks?Thelistofapplicationsandquestionsg

7、oesonandon—butyougetthepoint;fluidmechanicsisaveryimportant,practicalsubject.Itisverylikelythatduringyourcareerasanengineeryouwillbeinvolvedintheanalysisanddesignofsystemsthatrequireagoodunderstandingoffluidmechanics.Itishopedthatthisintroductorytextwillprov

8、ideasoundfoundationofthefundamentalaspectsoffluidmechanics.37708d_c01_0048/2/013:30PMPage44Chapter1/Introduction1.1SomeCharacteristicsofFluidsOneofthefirstquestionsweneedtoexploreis,Whatisaflui