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1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目ABoard's-EyeViewofEnvironmentalLiabilities外文出处DirectorshipFeb/Mar2010,Vol.36Issue1,p66-68.外文作者C.GregoryRogers原文：ABoard's-EyeViewofEnvironmentalLiabilitiesNewfinancialtechniqueswillincreasemarketefficiencyandempowerbetteroversightofenvironmentalmanagementand
2、disclosure.Itisawell-known"dirtysecret"thatenvironmentalliabilityestimatesdevelopedinconformancewithU.S.accountingstandardsareunreliableandalltoooftenmateriallyunderstated.Thevagariesofcontingencyaccountingandenvironmentallawandscience,however,havemadeitpracticallyimpossible
3、toempiricallydemonstratethisconclusion.Asaresult,theinherentincentivesformanipulationhavebeenunconstrained.Thosedaysareover.FinancialanalyticaltechniquesarenowbeingusedtogaugethereliabilityandrelevanceofcorporatedisclosuresofliabilitiesarisingundertheComprehensiveEnvironment
4、alResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct(CKRCLAorSuperfund),theResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA),andsimilarstatelaws.Thesetechniquespromisetoimprovemarketefficiencybyintroducingmoretimelyandaccurateinformation.Theyalsoholdthepotentialtoempowerboardstoexercisestrongerov
5、ersightandmakemoreinformeddecisionsonimportantenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)issues.AccountingEstimatesAccountingestimatescansignificantlyunderstatetheamountthatwillultimatelybeexpendedtoresolveenvironmentalliabilities.Generallyacceptedaccounting12principles(GAAP)see
6、ktomatchexpensewithincurrenceofliability.Estimatesofcontingentliabilities,includingcontingentenvironmentalliabilities,areintendedtoreflectthe"bestestimate"ofeventualexpendituresthatareconsideredprobableandreasonablyestimable.Inpractice,accountingestimatesoftenreflectonlythos
7、ecoststhatarenearlycertain—inotherwords,expendituresthathavebeenbudgeted.Wheninitialestimatesprovetobeinadequate,additionalaccrualsareneededtoreplenishthereserve.InefFect,thisisanimplicitaccountingpolicytomatchexpensewithexpendituresratherthantomatchexpensewithincurrenceofli
8、ability.Accountingestimatesoftenareunreliable.Basedontheauthor'sresearch,au
