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1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目ABoard's-EyeViewofEnvironmentalLiabilities外文出处DirectorshipFeb/Mar2010,Vol.36Issue1,p66-68.外文作者C.GregoryRogers原文：ABoard's-EyeViewofEnvironmentalLiabilitiesNewfinancialtechniqueswillincreasemarketefficiencyandempowerbetteroversightofenvironme
2、ntalmanagementanddisclosure.Itisawell-known"dirtysecret"thatenvironmentalliabilityestimatesdevelopedinconformancewithU.S.accountingstandardsareunreliableandalltoooftenmateriallyunderstated.Thevagariesofcontingencyaccountingandenvironmentallawandscience,howev
3、er,havemadeitpracticallyimpossibletoempiricallydemonstratethisconclusion.Asaresult,theinherentincentivesformanipulationhavebeenunconstrained.Thosedaysareover.Financialanalyticaltechniquesarenowbeingusedtogaugethereliabilityandrelevanceofcorporatedisclosureso
4、fliabilitiesarisingundertheComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct(CKRCLAorSuperfund),theResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA),andsimilarstatelaws.Thesetechniquespromisetoimprovemarketefficiencybyintroducingmoretimelyandaccurateinf
5、ormation.Theyalsoholdthepotentialtoempowerboardstoexercisestrongeroversightandmakemoreinformeddecisionsonimportantenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)issues.AccountingEstimatesAccountingestimatescansignificantlyunderstatetheamountthatwillultimatelybeexpen
6、dedtoresolveenvironmentalliabilities.Generallyacceptedaccounting12principles(GAAP)seektomatchexpensewithincurrenceofliability.Estimatesofcontingentliabilities,includingcontingentenvironmentalliabilities,areintendedtoreflectthe"bestestimate"ofeventualexpendit
7、uresthatareconsideredprobableandreasonablyestimable.Inpractice,accountingestimatesoftenreflectonlythosecoststhatarenearlycertain—inotherwords,expendituresthathavebeenbudgeted.Wheninitialestimatesprovetobeinadequate,additionalaccrualsareneededtoreplenishthere
8、serve.InefFect,thisisanimplicitaccountingpolicytomatchexpensewithexpendituresratherthantomatchexpensewithincurrenceofliability.Accountingestimatesoftenareunreliable.Basedontheauthor'sresearch,au
