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1、PREFACE序THISbookischieflyaddressedtomyfelloweconomists.Ihopethatitwillbeintelligibletoothers.Butitsmainpurposeistodealwithdifficultquestionsoftheory,andonlyinthesecondplacewiththeapplicationsofthistheorytopractice,Foriforthodoxeconomicsisatfault,theerroristobefoundnotinthesuperstructure,whichhasb
2、eenerectedwithgreatcareforlogicalconsistency,butinalackofclearnessandofgeneralityinthepremisses.ThusIcannotachievemy,objectofpersuading第1页共396页http://www.en8848.com.cn/原版英语阅读网economiststore-examinecriticallycertainoftheirbasicassumptionsexceptbyahighlyabstractargumentandalsobymuchcontroversy.Iwis
3、htherecouldhavebeenlessofthelatter.ButIhavethoughtitimportant,notonlytoexplainmyownpointofview,butalsotoshowinwhatrespectsitdepartsfromtheprevailingtheory.Those,whoarestronglyweddedtowhatIshallcall("theclassicaltheory.",willfluctuate,Iexpect,betweenabeliefthatIamquitewrongandabeliefthatIamsayingn
4、othingnew,Itisforotherstodetermineifeitheroftheseorthethirdalternativeisright.Mycontroversialpassagesareaimedatprovidingsomematerialforananswer;andImustaskforgivenessif,inthepursuitofsharpdistinctions,mycontroversyisitselftookeen.ImyselfheldwithconvictionformanyyearsthetheorieswhichInowattack,and
5、Iamnot,Ithink,ignorantoftheirstrongpoints.本书主要是为我的同行经济学家所写,我希望其他人也能看懂。但是,本书的主要目的是探讨理论上的难题,至于该理论在实际中的应用则居于次要地位。因为,如果正统经济学有错误之处,那么其错误之处不在于建立在精心构筑的逻辑一致性基础之上的上层建筑,而在于其假设前提缺乏明确性和普适性。因此,除非通过高度抽象的论证和进行大量辩论,我无法达到我的目的,即规劝经济学家批判性地重新审视他们的某些基本假设。我本希望这种论证和辩论能少些,但我认为重要之处在于:不仅要阐释我自己的观点,还要指出我的观点在哪些方面有别于现在流行的理论。我
6、预料,那些深深沉迷于我称之为古典理论的人将彷徨于两种意见,一种意见认为我完全错了,另一种意见认为我并未提出任何新见“”解。这两种意见,或许还有第三种意见,究竟孰是孰非还要由他人予以判断。我所写的辩论段落旨在为作出判断提供一些素材。另外,如果我在辩论中的文字过于尖锐,我请求谅解,那不过是为了让分歧更为明确。对于我现在抨击的理论,我本人曾多年奉为圭臬,因而,我想我不至于忽视该理论的有力之处。Themattersatissueareofanimportancewhichcannotbeexaggerated.But,ifmyexplanationsareright,itismyfellowec
7、onomists,riotthegeneralpublic,whomImustfirstconvince.Atthisstageoftheargumentthegeneralpublic,thoughwelcomeatthedebate,areonlyeavesdroppersatanattemptbyaneconomisttobringtoanissuethedeepdivergencesofopinionbetweenfello