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1、TheRegulationofLaborJuanBotero,SimeonDjankov,RafaelLaPorta,1FlorencioLopez-de-Silanes,andAndreiShleiferRevision,May2004AbstractWeinvestigatetheregulationoflabormarketsthroughemployment,collectiverelations,andsocialsecuritylawsin85countries.Wefindthatthepoliticalpoweroftheleftisassociatedwithmo
2、restringentlaborregulationsandmoregeneroussocialsecuritysystems,andthatsocialist,French,andScandinavianlegalorigincountrieshavesharplyhigherlevelsoflaborregulationthandocommonlawcountries.However,theeffectsoflegaloriginsarelarger,andexplainmoreofthevariationinregulations,thanthoseofpolitics.He
3、avierregulationoflaborisassociatedwithlowerlaborforceparticipationandhigherunemployment,especiallyoftheyoung.Theseresultsaremostnaturallyconsistentwithlegaltheories,accordingtowhichcountrieshavepervasiveregulatorystylesinheritedfromthetransplantationoflegalsystems.1YaleUniversity,WorldBank,Har
4、vardUniversity,YaleUniversity,andHarvardUniversity,respectively.ThisresearchwassupportedbytheWorldBank,theGildorFoundation,theNationalScienceFoundation,andtheInternationalInstituteforCorporateGovernanceatYaleUniversity.WeappreciatehelpfulcommentsfromDaronAcemoglu,GaryBecker,OlivierBlanchard,Si
5、monDeakin,RichardFreeman,EdwardGlaeser,PeterGourevitch,SimonJohnson,LawrenceKatz,CaseyMulligan,MarkRoe,ChristopherWoodruff,andanonymousreferees.WealsowanttothankPatricioAmador,JoseCaballero,BenChen,RonChen,EugenioDeBellard,GabrielaEnrigue,ManuelGarcia-Huitron,EidelmanGonzalez,MagdalenaLopez-Mo
6、rton,CamilaMadrinan,ChristianPfirrmann,AlejandroPonce-Rodriguez,KumarRakhi,DamianRozo,DavidStewart,FrancoTapiaandDenizYavuz,forexcellentresearchassistanceThecompletedatasetanddescriptionsofallvariablesatthecountrylevelcanbefoundathttp://iicg.som.yale.edu//.I.IntroductionEverycountryintheworldh
7、asestablishedacomplexsystemoflawsandinstitutionsintendedtoprotecttheinterestsofworkersandtoguaranteeaminimumstandardoflivingtoitspopulation.Inmostcountries,inadditiontosomebasiccivilrightsprotections,thissystemencompassesthreebodiesofla
