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1、LajosDiósiAShortCourseinQuantumInformationTheoryAnApproachFromTheoreticalPhysicsABCAuthorDr.LajosDiósiKFKIResearchInstituteforParticalandNuclearPhysicsP.O.Box491525BudapestHungaryE-mail:diosi@rmki.kfki.huL.Diósi,AShortCourseinQuantumInformationTheory,Lect.Notes
2、Phys.713(Springer,BerlinHeidelberg2007),DOI10.1007/b11844914LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006931893ISSN0075-8450ISBN-103-540-38994-6SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN-13978-3-540-38994-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsare
3、reserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonl
4、yundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringer.comcSpringer-
5、VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting
6、:bytheauthorandtechbooksusingaSpringerLATEXmacropackageCoverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,HeidelbergPrintedonacid-freepaperSPIN:1184491454/techbooks543210PrefaceQuantuminformationhasbecomeanindependentfastgrowingresearchfield.Therearenewdepartmentsandlabsallaroundtheworl
7、d,devotedtoparticularorevencomplexstudiesofmathematics,physics,andtechnologyofcontrollingquantumdegreesoffreedom.Thepromisedadvantageofquantumtechnologieshasobvi-ouslyelectrifiedthefieldwhichhadbeenconsideredabitmarginaluntilquitere-cently.Before,manyfoundational
8、quantumfeatureshadneverbeentestedorusedonsinglequantumsystemsbutonensemblesofthem.Illustrationsofreduction,de-cay,orrecurrenceofquantumsuperpositiononsinglestateswenttothepa
