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1、英文原文ComponentsofABuildingandTallBuildingsAndre1.AbstractMaterialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingtheload-carryingframe,skin,floors,andpartitions.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsys
2、tems.Thesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground,andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.Theskyscraperowesitsexistencetotwodevelopmentsofthe19thcentury:steelskeletonconstructionandthepassengerelevator.SteelasaconstructionmaterialdatesfromtheintroductionoftheBe
3、ssemerconverterin1885.GustaveEiffel(1832-1932)introducedsteelconstructioninFrance.HisdesignsfortheGaleriedesMachinesandtheTowerfortheParisExpositionof1889expressedthelightnessofthesteelframework.TheEiffelTower,984feet(300meters)high,wasthetalleststructurebuiltbymanandwasnotsurpasseduntil40
4、yearslaterbyaseriesofAmericanskyscrapers.ElishaOtisinstalledthefirstelevatorinadepartmentstoreinNewYorkin1857.In1889,EiffelinstalledthefirstelevatorsonagrandscaleintheEiffelTower,whosehydraulicelevatorscouldtransport2,350passengerstothesummiteveryhour.2.Load-CarryingFrameUntilthelate19thce
5、ntury,theexteriorwallsofabuildingwereusedasbearingwallstosupportthefloors.Thisconstructionisessentiallyapostandlinteltype,anditisstillusedinframeconstructionforhouses.Bearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingbecauseoftheenormouswallthicknessrequired；forinstance,the16-storyMonadnoc
6、kBuildingbuiltinthe1880’sinChicagohadwalls5feet(1.5meters)thickatthelowerfloors.In1883,WilliamLeBaronJenney(1832-1907)supportedfloorsoncast-ironcolumnstoformacage-likeconstruction.Skeletonconstruction,consistingofsteelbeamsandcolumns,wasfirstusedin1889.Asaconsequenceofskeletonconstruction,
7、theenclosingwallsbecomea“curtainwall”ratherthanservingasupportingfunction.Masonrywasthecurtainwallmaterialuntilthe1930’s,whenlightmetalandglasscurtainwallswereused.Aftertheintroductionof9buildingscontinuedtoincreaserapidly.Alltallbuildingswerebuiltwithaskeleto
