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1、Theapplicationofconstructionalmaterial建筑材料的应用 Theavailabilityofsuitablestructuralmaterialsisoneoftheprincipallimitationsontheaccomplishmentofanexperiencedstructuralengineer.Earlybuildersdependedalmostexclusivelyonwood,stone,brick,andconcrete.Althoughironhadbeenusedbyhumansatleastsincethebui
2、ldingoftheEgyptianpyramids,useofitasastructuralmaterialwaslimitedbecauseofthedifficultiesofsmeltingitinlargequantities.Withtheindustrialrevolution,however,cameboththeneedforironasastructuralmaterialandthecapabilityofsmeltingitinquantity. JohnSmeaton,anEnglishcivilengineer,wasthefirsttouseca
3、stironextensivelyasastructuralmaterialinthemid-eighteenthcentury.After1841,malleableironwasdevelopedasamorereliablematerialandwaswidelyused.Whereasmalleableironwassuperiortocastiron,therewerestilltoomanystructuralfailuresandtherewasaneedforamorereliablematerial. Steelwastheanswertothisdeman
4、d.TheinventionoftheBessemerconverterin1856andthesubsequentdevelopmentoftheSiemens-Martinopen-hearthprocessformakingsteelmadeitpossibletoproducestructuralsteelatcompetitivepricesandtriggeredthetremendousdevelopmentsandaccomplishmentsintheuseofstructuralsteeloverthenexthundred years. Themost
5、seriousdisadvantageofsteelisthatitoxidizeseasilyandmustbeprotectedbypaintorsomeothersuitablecoating.Whensteelisusedinanenclosurewhereafirecould occur,thesteelmembersmustbeencasedinasuitablefire-resistantenclosuresuchasmasonry,concrete.Normally,steelmemberswillnotfailinabrittlemannerunlessanu
6、nfortunatecombinationofmetallurgicalcomposition,lowtemperature,andbi-ortriaxialstressexists. Structuralaluminumisstillnotwidelyusedincivilengineeringstructures,thoughitsuse issteadilyincreasing.Byaproperselectionofthealuminumalloyanditsheattreatment,a widevarietyofstrengthcharacteristicsmay
7、beobtained.Someofthealloysexhibit stress-straincharacteristicssimilarthoseofstructuralsteel,exceptthatthemodulusofelasticityfortheinitiallinearlyelasticportionisabout10,000,000psi(700,000kgf/cm*cm)oraboutone-thirdthatofsteel.Lightnessandresistancet