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1、阅读篇章1当前题号:第1-10题,总题数:50题5LineLowwages,chronicunemploymentandunderemploymentleadtolowincome,lackofpropertyownership,absenceofsavings,absenceoffoodreservesinthehome,andachronicshortageofcash.Theseconditionsreducethepossibilityofeffectiveparticipationinthela
2、rgereconomicsystem.Andasaresponsetotheseconditionswefindinthe10cultureofpovertyahighincidenceofpawningpersonalgoods,borrowingfromlocalmoney-lendersathigherratesofinterest,spontaneousinformalcreditdevicesorganizedbyneighbors,theuseofsecondhandclothingandfu
3、rniture,andthepatternoffrequentbuyingofsmallquantitiesoffoodmanytimesadayastheneedarises.15Peoplewithacultureofpovertyproduceverylittlewealthandreceiveverylittleinreturn.Theyhavealowlevelofliteracyandeducation,usuallydonotbelongtolaborunions,arenotmembers
4、ofpoliticalparties,generallydonotparticipateinthenationalwelfareagencies,andmakeverylittleuseofbanks,hospitals,departmentstores,museumsorartgalleries.Theyhaveacriticalattitudetowardsomeorthebasicinstitutionsofthedominantclasses,hatredofthepolice,mistrusto
5、fgovernment,andacynicismthatextendseventothechurch.20ThisgivesthecultureofpovertyahighpotentialforprotestandforBeingusedinpoliticalmovementsaimedagainsttheexistingsocialorder.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyareawareofmiddle-classvalues,talkaboutthemandevenclai
6、msomeofthemastheirown,butonthe25wholetheydonotlivebythem.Thusitisimportanttodistinguishbetweenwhattheysayandwhattheydo.Forexample,manywilltellyouthatmarriagebylaw,bythechurch,orbybothistheidealformofmarriage,butfewwillmarry.Tomenwhohavenosteadyjobsorother
7、sourcesofincome,whodonotownpropertyandhavenowealthtopass30ontotheirchildren,whoarepresent-timeorientedandwhowanttoavoidtheexpenseandlegaldifficultiesinvolvedinformalmarriageanddivorce,freeunionsorconsensualmarriagesmakealotofsense.Womenwilloftenturndownof
8、fersofmarriagebecausetheyfeelittiesthemdowntomen.Womenfeelthatconsensualuniongivesthema35betterbreak;itgivesthemsomeofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmenhave.Bynotgivingthefathersoftheirchildrenlegalstatusashusbands,the