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1、定语从句一、基本概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that,who,whom,whose,which;关系副词有:when,where,why.二、关系词的用法:(一
2、)关系代词的用法:1.作主语用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词whowhom,th
3、at通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。3.作定语用whose,如:(a)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(b)ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.注:“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose的先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具
4、体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与ofwhich结构互换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongert
5、hedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.(二)关系副词的用法:1.when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohel
6、pus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等,如:Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有时也可以省略。如:Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.3.why
7、指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why时常也可以省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearri
8、ved.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where