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1、JusticeiswhatwecannotaffordtoloseJusticemeansgivingeachpersonwhatheorshedeservesor,inmoretraditionalterms,givingeachpersonhisorherdue.Justiceandfairnessarecloselyrelatedtermsthatareoftentodayusedinterchangeably.Therehave,however,alsobeenmoredistinctunderstandingsofthetwoterms.W
2、hilejusticeusuallyhasbeenusedwithreferencetoastandardofrightness,fairnessoftenhasbeenusedwithregardtoanabilitytojudgewithoutreferencetoone'sfeelingsorinterests;fairnesshasalsobeenusedtorefertotheabilitytomakejudgmentsthatarenotoverlygeneralbutthatareconcreteandspecifictoapartic
3、ularcase.Inanycase,anotionofdesertiscrucialtobothjusticeandfairness.TheNortonsandEllisonsofthisworld,forexample,areaskingforwhattheythinktheydeservewhentheyaredemandingthattheybetreatedwithjusticeandfairness.Whenpeopledifferoverwhattheybelieveshouldbegiven,orwhendecisionshaveto
4、bemadeabouthowbenefitsandburdensshouldbedistributedamongagroupofpeople,questionsofjusticeorfairnessinevitablyarise.Infact,mostethiciststodayholdtheviewthattherewouldbenopointoftalkingaboutjusticeorfairnessifitwerenotfortheconflictsofinterestthatarecreatedwhengoodsandservicesare
5、scarceandpeopledifferoverwhoshouldgetwhat.Whensuchconflictsariseinoursociety,weneedprinciplesofjusticethatwecanallacceptasreasonableandfairstandardsfordeterminingwhatpeopledeserve.Butsayingthatjusticeisgivingeachpersonwhatheorshedeservesdoesnottakeusveryfar.Howdowedeterminewhat
6、peopledeserve?Whatcriteriaandwhatprinciplesshouldweusetodeterminewhatisduetothisorthatperson?PrinciplesofJusticeThemostfundamentalprincipleofjustice—onethathasbeenwidelyacceptedsinceitwasfirstdefinedbyAristotlemorethantwothousandyearsago—istheprinciplethat"equalsshouldbetreated
7、equallyandunequalsunequally."Initscontemporaryform,thisprincipleissometimesexpressedasfollows:"Individualsshouldbetreatedthesame,unlesstheydifferinwaysthatarerelevanttothesituationinwhichtheyareinvolved."Forexample,ifJackandJillbothdothesamework,andtherearenorelevantdifferences
8、betweenthemortheworktheyaredoing,theninjusticetheyshou
