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1、1VFRAERONAUTICALCHARTSEXPLANATIONOFVFRTERMSANDSYMBOLSThediscussionsandexamplesinthissectionarebasedontheSectionalAeronauticalChart(Sectional).Sec-tionalsincludethemostcurrentdataandareatascale(1:500,000)mostbeneficialtopilotsflyingunderVisualFlightRules.Apilotshouldhavelittledifficultyinreading
2、thesechartswhichare,inmanyrespects,similartoautomobileroadmaps.Eachchartisnamedforamajorcitywithinitsareaofcoverage.Thechartlegendlistsvariousaeronauticalsymbolsaswellasinformationconcerningterrainandcontourelevations.Youmayidentifyaeronautical,topographical,andobstructionsymbols(suchasradioa
3、ndtelevisiontow-ers)byreferringtothelegend.Manylandmarkswhichcanbeeasilyrecognizedfromtheair,suchasstadiums,pumpingstations,refineries,etc.,areidentifiedbybriefdescriptionsadjacenttosmallblacksquaresmarkingtheirexactlocations.Oilwellsareshownbysmallopencircles.Water,oilandgastanksareshownbysmal
4、lblackcirclesandlabeledaccordingly,ifknown.Thescaleofanitemmaybeincreasedtomakeiteasiertoreadonthechart.NACOchartsarepreparedinaccordancewithspecificationsoftheInteragencyAirCartographicCommittee(IACC)andareapprovedbyrepresentativesoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)andtheDepartmentofDefen
5、se(DoD).TERRAINANDOBSTRUCTIONSTheelevationandconfigurationoftheEarth'ssurfacearecertainlyofprimeimportancetopilots.Car-tographersdevoteagreatdealofattentiontoshowingreliefandobstructiondatainaclearandconcisemanner.Fivedifferenttechniquesareused:contourlines,shadedrelief,colortints,obstructions
6、ymbols,andMaximumElevationFigures(MEF).1.Contourlinesarelinescon-nectingpointsontheEarthofequalelevation.OnSectionals,basiccon-toursarespacedat500'intervals.Intermediatecontoursmayalsobeshownat250'inter-valsinmoderatelylevelorgentlyrollingareas.Occasion-ally,auxiliarycontoursat50,100,125,or15
7、0'intervalsmaybeusedtoportraysmallerrelieffeaturesinareasofrelativelylowrelief.Thepatternoftheselinesandtheirspacinggivesthepilotavisualconceptoftheterrain.Widelyspacedcontoursrepresentgentleslopes,while3.Colortints,alsoreferredtoashypsotint