资源描述：
《nuclear magnetic》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、NuclearMagneticSecondaryarticleResonance(NMR)ArticleContents.IntroductionSpectroscopyintheStudyof.MRSpectroscopyInVitro:CulturedCells.MRSpectroscopyInVivo:LocalizationTechniquesWhole-animalMetabolism.Examples.InVivoMRSandGeneticEngineeringRobertJGillies,Univ
2、ersityofArizonaHealthSciencesCenter,Tucson,Arizona,USANatarajanRaghunand,UniversityofArizonaHealthSciencesCenter,Tucson,Arizona,USANMR-activeisotopesarepresentinlivingsystemsand,becausetheradiofrequencyofnuclearmagneticresonanceexperimentsisnon-ionizing,NMRs
3、ignalscanbeobtainednoninvasivelyandnondestructivelyfromwholelivingorganisms.Introductionthestudyofphysiologyandmetabolisminsitu,noninva-sivelyandinrealtime.However,suchenormouspotentialNucleicontaininganoddnumberofprotonsand/orwaslimitedbythecomplexityofthes
4、ystem.Hence,itneutronshaveapropertyofnetspin,whichwillaligninthebecameclearearlyonthatmethodswereneededthatpresenceofastaticmagneticfield.ElementscontainwouldallowtheinterrogationofdiscreteanddefinedNMR-activeisotopesandmanyofthesearepresentinvolumesdeepwithin
5、livingorganisms.Thisledtothelivingbiologicalsystems.Table1isalistofsomedevelopmentoflocalizationtechniquesthattodayformbiologicallyimportantNMR-visibleisotopes,alongwiththebasisofinvivomagneticresonancespectroscopytheirnaturalabundances,theirfrequenciesandth
6、eir1(MRS).ThedevelopmentofthesetechniquesparalleledsensitivitiesrelativetoH.Becausetheradiofrequencythehardwareandsoftwaredevelopmentofmagnetic(RF)ofNMRexperimentsdoesnotperturbbiologicalresonanceimaging(MRI).tissues,NMRsignalscanbeobtainedfromwithinlivingIn
7、someapplications,MRSisnowperformedroutinelyorganismsnoninvasivelyandnondestructively.onhumanpatientsforthepurposeofdiagnosisorTheearliestNMRstudiesoflivingsystemsemployedtherapeuticmonitoring.TheapplicationofMRStoassessdensesuspensionsofcellsthatwereaerateda
8、ndkeptmetabolicfunctioninvivoissignificantlyimprovedatinsuspensionbyrapidbubbling.Ofnecessity,thesestudieshigherfieldstrengths.Thisisparticularlytruefornucleiemployedcellssuchasbacteriaandyeastwit
