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河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）本科毕业设计（论文）题目论公允价值在我国的运用附录外文资料与中文翻译院（系部）工商管理系专业名称会计学年级班级学生姓名指导教师2012年05月23日30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）附录外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Theapplicationoffairvalueinthedomesticandinternationalcomparativeanalysis1thedefinitionoffairvalue1.1fairvaluedefinitioncomparativeanalysisFromthedefinitionoffairvaluecanbeseen,differentcountries,institutionsforfairvaluedefinitionalthoughexpressedindifferentways,butitsconnotationbasicallythesame:(1)thetransactionfairness.Fairvalueisfamiliarwiththesituationbetweenthetwosidesinthevoluntarytransactionsinform,notintheforcedliquidationorformedintheprocessof.(2)marketcompatibility.Activemarketandtheactivemarketcanformthefairvalue.Activemarketinthemarketisthebestevidenceoffairvalue,butnottheonlyevidence.Whenthereisnoactivemarket,canbeusedinavarietyofvaluationtechniquestoprovideagoodestimationofthefairvalueofthemouth.(3)emphasizetherelativity,i.e.exchangetodeterminethefairvalueisinrelativelyreasonableunderthecircumstances.Thefairvalueisforitsessenceisakindofidealundertheassumptionthatthevalueembodimentofsocialreality,andthishypothesisisdifficulttofullyrealize.Nomatterhowperfecttransactionmarket,howwise,notlikelytocollectallinformationandeffectiveanalysisofinformationmakeabsolutelycorrectdecision.Fairvalueisthemarketvalue,namely,thefairvalueofthe"fair"isrelative.(4)thecomprehensivemeasurement.Fairvaluerefersnotonlytothefairvalueoftheassets,includingthefairvalueofthelatteroveralongperiodoftimehadbeen30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）ignored.1.2chinafairvaluedefinitiontheoreticaldefectsOnthedefinitionoffairvalueissubstantiallyconsistentwithinternational.Butthisdefinitionwasstudied,andcombinedwiththefairvalueofspecificaccesstechnology,wecanfindthat,thefairvalueofthedefinitionitselfisnotwithnochinkinone'sarmour,itiscertaintohavesometheoreticaldefects.First,thedefinitionoffairvalueintheemphasison"evenbargain",butinactualapplication,fairnessisvagueanddifficulttoguaranteethe.Forexample,inabuyer'smarketorseller'smarket,bytheimpactofsupplyanddemand,theactualtransactionpriceisverydifficulttoachievethetruefair.Forexample,alicenseplatenumberoracertainkindoftea,withhundredsofthousandsorevenmillionsofprices,completelyistradedawillingwillingtoendureavoluntaryexchangeprice,it'shardtosaywiththeoriginalmeaningoffair.Again,duetotheexistenceofasymmetricinformation,theactivemarketforbothbuyersandsellerstoreachtransactionpricesarenotabsolutelyfair.Forexample,inthesecond-handcarmarket,buyacartocarqualityinformationrelatedtomasterfarlessthansellingcars,andsellthecarmanasarationaleconomicperson,wantthecarcansellagoodpriceandtrytoexaggeratethecarquality.Ifacarthatsellscarpeople,topaythecorrespondingprice,sobuyersinterestshavebeenviolated;ifacarpriortorealizethisreason,inordernottobecheatedwilladheretothelowprice,sellacarpeoplereluctantlypartwithcheapshots,sothecarisnotfairthe.Ofcourse,inthisgame,buyacarandthecarcanchoosetoexitthemarket,finallyappearinferiorgoodsexpelqualityproductofthe"adverseselection"results,butintherealeconomiclife,boththeinformationasymmetryphenomenonindeedbowcanbefound.Fairvaluedefinitionrequiresa"familiarsituationbothsides"existinnameonly,althoughvoluntarytransactions,thetransactionpricefairnessismilesaway.Secondly,basedonthefairvaluedefinitionemphasizesthe"transaction"andproduce,butalotofthefairvalueoftheacquisitionisnotderivedfromtrading.Butmoreoftentotheenterpriseresourceinatransactionandalthoughthetransactionbutnoobservableamountincase,accordingtothesameorsimilarsituationmade30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）estimationandevaluation.Forexample,thefairvaluenotonlyfortheinitialmeasurement,areoftenusedinsubsequentmeasurement,andsubsequentmeasurementaremostlyintheabsenceoftradesituation,throughforasupplyofsth.toreachconsensusontheactualtransactionpricewillbeoutofthequestion.Thereisalsocontroversymost,oneis"fairvalueiswhat?",namelythedefinitionofthefairvalueofthemeaningnotclear.Thisisalsoaquestionoftheapplicationofthefairvalueofthecoreproblem,determinethemeaningoffairvalue,fairvaluemeasurementtodeterminethedirectionandtarget.Ourfairvaluedescribingambiguous,connotationandextensionofuncertainty,notspecific,mayleadtoconfusioninpracticeapplication.Thefairvalueiswhattheunderstandingisdifferent,thefairvaluemeasurementusingassumptions,techniquesandmethodsmaybedifferent,measuringtheresultsofthedifferencecanbelarge,measurementreliabilitywillbereduced.1.3theUnitedStatesofAmericafairvaluedefinitiondevelopmentreferencetoChina(1)orderlytransaction.TheUnitedStatesof"orderlytransaction"andtheinternationalaccountingstandardsboard(IASB)andourcountryMinistryofFinancestated"evenbargain"concepthasbiggerdifference."Orderlytransaction"emphasizeinthemarketfulldisclosureandassetsorliabilitiesowner'sinitiative,and"evenbargain"emphasizethetransactionitselftheunforced."Orderlytransaction"conceptcanbecovered"evenbargain"concept.(2)comparedtotheSFASNO.157,China'snewaccountingstandardswillbethefairvalueisdefinedasthetransactionbothsidesoftransactionisgeneratedbasedontheamount,butnotclearlyexpressedconcernattheprice.Insomecases(suchastherelatedpartytransaction)evenifthetransactionbothsides,thepriceisalsoalackoffairness,butalsoreducesthereliabilityof.China'snewaccountingstandardsfairvaluemakersprovidedonlylimitedtobothpartiestothetransaction,andnotitsextensiontotheparticipantsofthemarketrange,therefore,thefairvalueofthedevelopedaftertheabsenceofsufficientmarketequilibrium,andcontainmoreinvolvedinsubjectivecomponentsorhypotheticalcomponents,reliabilityneedsto30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）beimproved.AndintheSFASNO.57definition.""pricedecisionistheassetorliabilityownersoutsideofthemarketactivity,inintroducingmoremarketfactors,increasethefairvalueoftheobjectivetomakemoreeffortstomakefairprices,morereliableSFASNO.157moretrustfromtheexternalmarketprice.(3)thedefinitionof"market"andtheinternationaldefinitionof"involvedinthetransactionparties","marketparticipants"thescopetobebigger.Because,althoughthepriceintradingbypartiestothetransactionisselected,butthereisanactivemarket,thepriceactuallydependsonothermarketparticipantstotradebetweentheequilibriumprice;andinsomecases,pricingisnotatradingconditions,suchasassetrevaluation,thereferencemarketpricingtheotherparticipantinthetransactionprice.Therefore,theintroductionofmarketparticipantsconceptmakesthefairvaluehasmorereliability,butalsodeepentheconceptoffairvalue.30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）2theapplicationofthefairvalueofmarketconditions2.1fairvaluemarketconditionsThedefinitionoffairvaluecanbeseeninfairvalueandmarketconditionsoftherelationship.IASBandfairvalueinChinaisdefinedas:"theevenbargain,thePartyofbeinvoluntarybasisforexchangeofassetsorliabilitiesrepaymentamount."TheUnitedStatesFASBaccountingstandardsissuedbytheFASl57"fairvalue"inthedefinitionoffairvalueinthemeasurementfor:withmarkettradersinanorderlytransaction,saleofassetsorliabilitiesreceivedtransferprice.Ascanbeseenfromthedefinition,thefirstisthefairvalueofassetsorliabilitiesinthetransactionprice,thetransactionusuallyreferstothemarket,i.e.,betweentwoormorepartiesinthemarketofcommodityexchange.Inthedefinitionoffairvalueissimilartothemarketprice,ofcourse,themarketpriceisnottoleavethemarketaccess.Secondly,fromChinatothedefinitionoffairvaluein,thetransactionpriceisinevenbargain,andfamiliarwiththetransactionbothsidesbursttransactionprices,theUnitedStatesofAmerica'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardnotedthatthetransactionpriceisinanorderlytransactionconducted,orderlymarkethypothesisinthemeasurementwithaperiodoftimebeforethemarkethasexistingassetsorliabilitiesoftheconventionaltransaction,thetransactionisakindofforcedtransaction.Whetherfairvalueisactiveonthemarkettheactualtransactionprice?Inessence,thefairvalueisakindofevaluationbasedonmarketinformation.Thefairvalueoftheidentifiedthreeways,namely,theexistenceofmarkettrade,exchangepriceforthefairvalue;marketpriceisallmarketparticipantsfullyconsiderationofanassetorliabilityinthefuturecashflowanditsuncertaintyaftertheformationoftheconsensus,ifthereisnoevidencetothecontrarythatthetransactionisunfairornotvoluntary,markettransactionpricefortheassetorindebtedevenhandedvalue;intheabsenceofactualtransactionsituation,shouldsearchonthemarketsimilartosimilartransaction,transactionpriceasthefairvaluemeasurementbasis,anassetorliabilityifnoobservable,directlydeterminesthepricebythemarket,itisstipulatedinthecontractorcanbeexpectedinthefuturecashflowcanbeestimated,canusethe30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）presentvalueofestimatedfairvalueoftechnology.Onthefairvaluemeasurementrequirementsofwhatkindofmarketenvironment,HunanUniversityprofessorXieShifen(2001)discussestheverygoodanswertothisquestion:"fairvalueonlyrequireevenbargain,doesnotrequireactivemarket,themarketeconomyandthedevelopedmarketeconomy,themarketdemandisnothigh.Thatthefairvaluetoactivemarketeconomy,orthefairvalueisnotusedfortheviewiswrong.IthindersChina'ssystemofaccountingstandardsandinternationalaccountingstandardsintheprocess,Chinahastherighttoestablishthefairvaluemeasurementanditsspecifictargetpathsouth."Commercializedegree,fairvalueisthepremiseofevenbargain.Thehighdegreeofmarketization,marketactivityisasfairvalueacquisitionprovidesagoodfoundation,butinthelowdegreeofmarketsituation,voluntary,mutualbenefit,equivalencebasedevenbargainstillexists,resultingevenbargainpricesthroughmultiplechannelscanget.Evenintheabsenceofactualtransactionsoccur,mayalsothroughimitatemarkettransactionparametersjudgementsandestimates,orthroughthepresentvaluemethodandmathematicalmethodtocalculatethefairvalue.Infact,theso-calledactivemarketisonlyrelative,notacountryorarea,allsortsofassetsandliabilitiesareactiveinthemarket,noonecountryorarea,allsortsofassetsandliabilitiesarenotthereisanactivemarket.Ofcourse,themarketismoreactive,thefairvalueofthemorefavorable.2.2China'sapplicationoffairvalueconditionsInourcountry,manyaccountingprofessionofourcountrycurrentelementmarketismature,thelackofactivemarket,fairvalueisoftendifficulttoobtain,themarketenvironmentisnotsuitablefortheapplicationoffairvalue,fairvalueapplicationrequiresactivematuremarket,whileChinaispreciselythelackofthiskindofmarket,soinourcountryitisdifficulttoapplyfairvalue.Theapplicationoffairvalueneededtohavecertainmarketconditions,butwecannotbecausetheconditionsarenotripeornotfullymatureandavoidorresisttheimplementationoffairvalueandshouldtakeapositiveattitudeandcontinuetonurtureandimprovethefairvalueapplicationenvironment.Youcanseefromtheaboveanalysis,notonly30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）thereisanactivemarketinordertoobtainthefairvalue.Ourcountryhaspartialwithuseofthefairvalueoftheactualconditions.(1)thedevelopmentofthefinancialmarketfortheapplicationoffairvalueoflayingafoundationforChina'scapitalmarketafter10yearsofdevelopmenthasaccumulatedacertaintheoreticalandpracticalbasis.Withinternationaleconomicintegrationdegreedeepening,theinternationalcapitalmarketbetweenmutualinfiltrationandmutualrestrictionforourfirstimplementationofthefairvalueinthefinancialmarketprovidesfeasibility.Moreandmoreenterprisestoparticipateinthefinancialmarketsforinvestmentorhedging,resultinginalargenumberofrelatedfinancialtoolsbusiness.Accordingtothetransactionobject,thefinancialmarketcanbedividedintotheforeignexchangemarket,capitalmarketandgoldmarket,accordingtofinancialinstrumentsduration,capitalmarketcanbedividedintothemoneymarketandcapitalmarket.Thesemarketsonthecurrentaccountingtheoryandpracticeeffectswerethemajorforeignexchangemarket,monetarymarketandcapitalmarket.Thedevelopmentofthefinancialmarketfortheuseoffairvaluerequestalsoprovidedstage.Fromshort-termfinancialmarketssuchasthebill,bondmarketandstockmarket,manyenterpriseshaveparticipatedin.WithChina'sfuturesandoptionsmarketdevelopment,largeenterprisesusingthefinancialderivativesmarketinvestment,hedgingandriskmanagementhasbecomeakindoftrend.Corporatefinancialstatementsandfinancialtoolsrelatedtobusinessandthegrowingproportion,eithertablebusinessorbusinessoutsidestatementistrue.(2)thefairvaluemeasurementintermsofthetechnicalproblemshavebeenbreakthroughsinfairvaluenotonlyasshort-terminvestmentsandderivativefinancialinstrumentsmeasurementbasis,andcontinuestoexpandintootherareas,suchaslong-terminvestments.Infact,sinceinvestorsbecauseofthedecisiontoproducetocompanyearningsinformationneeds,fairvalueaccountingisbecomingmoreandmorefavoredbyinvestorsandcreditors,becauseoftheneedtocalculateacompanyduringaperiodofcomprehensiveincome,thecompany'sassetsandliabilitiesmustadoptfairvaluemeasurement,justasfairvaluetheattributesofthehistoricalcostmeasurementattributetothetraditionalaccountingmodeldeviation,cannotbeacceptedaccountingpersonnel,plusinpractice,manyoftheassetsand30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）liabilitiesofthefairvalueisdifficulttoobtain,oftenrequiresalargenumberofestimationandprediction,itsreliabilityisdifficulttomeettheinformationrequirementsofusers,fairvalueaccountingisnotwidelypromotionandapplicationof.Sincethenineteenseventiesofinternationalfinancialmarketandtherapiddevelopmentoffinancialinstrumentsmeasurementmodelforthestudyofimproving,sothatthefairvalueaccountingmeasurementreliabilityandfacingtheaccountingmethodisoperableintwobigproblemsresolvedgradually,asthefairvalueofourcountrycarryoutlaidatechnologicalbasis.Thatistosay,intermsoffinancialinstruments,fairvalueaccountingisfacingtechnicalproblemshavebeensolvedbasically,therefore,inthefinancialtoolsinthefieldofthefullimplementationofthefairvaluemeasurementofthetheoreticalfoundationandrealisticconditionsareripe.30 河南理工大学万方科技学院2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）3theapplicationofthefairvalueofinternationalcomparison3.1internationalaccountingstandardsintheapplicationoffairvalueForallthederivativesusingfairvaluemeasurement,isthegoalofIASC.IASCisstillonthefinancialtoolsareclassified,thehistoricalcostandfairvaluemeasurementpatternscoexist,theexistinginternationalaccountingstandardsoffinancialinstruments,involvingbusinesstherearethreemajor,namely
